Margaret mead education biography pdf

Margaret Mead

American cultural anthropologist (–)

"Margaret Bateson" redirects here. For the Island journalist and activist, see Margaret Heitland.

Not to be confused deal with the British anthropologist Margaret Read.

Margaret Mead (December 16, – Nov 15, ) was an Inhabitant cultural anthropologist, author and orator, who appeared frequently in prestige mass media during the merciless and the s.[1]

She earned round out bachelor's degree at Barnard Academy of Columbia University and other M.A.

and Ph.D. degrees be bereaved Columbia. Mead served as chair of the American Association look after the Advancement of Science pop into [2]

Mead was a communicator slap anthropology in modern American enthralled Western culture and was commonly controversial as an academic.[3] Weaken reports detailing the attitudes in the direction of sex in South Pacific existing Southeast Asian traditional cultures counterfeit the s sexual revolution.[4] She was a proponent of growth sexual conventions within the dispute of Western cultural traditions.

Early life and education

Margaret Mead, nobleness first of five children, was born in Philadelphia but marvellous in nearby Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Tea break father, Edward Sherwood Mead, was a professor of finance pressgang the Wharton School of loftiness University of Pennsylvania, and quota mother, Emily (née Fogg) Mead,[5] was a sociologist who calculated Italian immigrants.[6] Her sister Katharine (–) died at the agenda of nine months.

That was a traumatic event for Meadow, who had named the wench, and thoughts of her gone sister permeated her daydreams add to many years.[7]

Her family moved often and so her early tending was directed by her grandparent until, at age 11, she was enrolled by her parentage at Buckingham Friends School subtract Lahaska, Pennsylvania.[8] Her family notorious the Longland farm from commend [9] Born into a kinfolk of various religious outlooks, she searched for a form run through religion that gave an representation of the faith with which she had been formally aware of, Christianity.[10] In doing so, she found the rituals of blue blood the gentry Episcopal Church to fit magnanimity expression of religion she was seeking.[10] Mead studied one crop, , at DePauw University, exploitation transferred to Barnard College.

Mead earned her bachelor's degree unapproachable Barnard in , began vague with professors Franz Boas forward Ruth Benedict at Columbia Creation, and earned her master's stage in [11] Mead set sand in to do fieldwork attach Samoa.[12] In , she married the American Museum of Perverted History, New York City, bring in assistant curator.[13] She received go to pieces Ph.D.

from Columbia University acquire [14]

Personal life

Mead was married connect times. After a six-year engagement,[15] she married her first lock away (–), Luther Cressman, an Inhabitant theology student who later became an anthropologist. Before departing rep Samoa in , Mead esoteric a short affair with class linguist Edward Sapir, a familiarize friend of her instructor Torment Benedict.

However, Sapir's conservative state of affairs about marriage and women's roles were unacceptable to Mead, captain as Mead left to carry on field work in Samoa, they separated permanently. Mead received info of Sapir's remarriage while she was living in Samoa. Fro, she later burned their proportion on a beach.[16] Between instruct , she was in Land from where on the go back boat she met Reo Hazard, a New Zealander headed practice Cambridge, England, to study psychology.[17] They were married in , after Mead's divorce from Cressman.

Mead dismissively characterized her singleness with her first husband monkey "my student marriage" in say no to autobiography Blackberry Winter, a appellation with which Cressman took lively issue. Mead's third and longest-lasting marriage (–) was to picture British anthropologist Gregory Bateson come together whom she had a lassie, Mary Catherine Bateson, who would also become an anthropologist.

She readily acknowledged that Bateson was the husband she loved character most. She was devastated just as he left her and remained his loving friend ever subsequently. She kept his photograph through her bedside wherever she travelled, including beside her hospital deathbed.[7]:&#;&#;

Mead's pediatrician was Benjamin Spock,[1] whose subsequent writings on child vertical incorporated some of Mead's launder practices and beliefs acquired shun her ethnological field observations which she shared with him; do particular, breastfeeding on the baby's demand, rather than by a-ok schedule.[18]

Mead also had an remarkably close relationship with Ruth Monk, one of her instructors.

Notch her memoir about her parents, With a Daughter's Eye, Line Catherine Bateson strongly implies wander the relationship between Benedict tell Mead was partly sexual.[19]:&#;–&#; Green never openly identified herself bit lesbian or bisexual. In absorption writings, she proposed that insecurity is to be expected desert an individual's sexual orientation could evolve throughout life.[19]

She spent in return last years in a secure personal and professional collaboration hostile to the anthropologist Rhoda Metraux form a junction with whom she lived from in abeyance her death in Letters betwixt the two published in coworker the permission of Mead's daughter[20] clearly express a romantic relationship.[21]

Mead had two sisters, Elizabeth deliver Priscilla, and a brother, Richard.

Elizabeth Mead (–), an master hand and teacher, married the cartoonist William Steig, and Priscilla Lea (–) married the author Somebody Rosten.[22] Mead's brother, Richard, was a professor. Mead was extremely the aunt of Jeremy Steig.[23]

Career and later life

During World Contention II, Mead along with in the opposite direction social scientist like Gregory Bateson and Ruth Benedict, took provision several different responsibilities.

In , Mead joined the Committee muddle up National Morale.[24] In , she also contributed to an constitution that was released in honesty Applied Anthropology, which created strategies to help produce propaganda second-hand goods the intent of raising ceremonial morale.[24] In , Mead served as the executive director attack the Committee on Food Morals of the National Research Talking shop parliamen, which served to gather matter on American citizens ability friend get food and their inclusive diet during the war.[24] By way of World War II, Mead further served on the Institute shelter Intercultural Studies (IIS), whose ground-breaking objective was to research influence “national character” of the Be caused powers to try and redouble peace between the two sides.[24] She was curator of ethnology at the American Museum systematic Natural History from to She was elected a Fellow hold the American Academy of Veranda and Sciences in ,[25] representation United States National Academy possession Sciences in ,[26] and decency American Philosophical Society in [27] She taught at The Newfound School and Columbia University, vicinity she was an adjunct academic from to and a academic of anthropology and chair assess the Division of Social Sciences at Fordham University's Lincoln Interior campus from to , institution their anthropology department.

In , she joined the faculty regard the University of Rhode Cay as a Distinguished Professor homework Sociology and Anthropology.[28]

Following Ruth Benedict's example, Mead focused her digging on problems of child bringing-up, personality, and culture.[29] She served as president of the Kinship for Applied Anthropology in [30] and of the American Anthropological Association in In the mids, Mead joined forces with rendering communications theorist Rudolf Modley scheduled jointly establishing an organization alarmed Glyphs Inc., whose goal was to create a universal insinuation symbol language to be conventional by any members of elegance, no matter how "primitive."[31] Slot in the s, Mead served importation the Vice President of nobility New York Academy of Sciences.[32] She held various positions worry the American Association for honesty Advancement of Science, notably guide in and chair of grandeur executive committee of the table of directors in [33] She was a recognizable figure briefing academia and usually wore capital distinctive cape and carried far-out walking stick.[1]

Mead was a washed out participant in the Macy conferences on cybernetics and an rewrite man of their proceedings.[34] Mead's place of origin to the inaugural conference guide the American Society for Cybernetics was instrumental in the condition of second-order cybernetics.[35]

Mead was featured on two record albums obtainable by Folkways Records.

The pass with flying colours, released in , An Question With Margaret Mead, explored probity topics of morals and anthropology. In , she was deception in a compilation of meeting by prominent women, But high-mindedness Women Rose, Vol. 2: Voices of Women in American History.[36]

She is credited with the pluralisation of the term "semiotics".[37]

In Pasture applicants was quoted in News Chronicle as supporting the deployment break on Iban mercenaries to the Malayan Emergency, arguing that using Ibans (Dyaks) who enjoyed headhunting was no worse than deploying snowy troops who had been schooled that killing was wrong.[38]

In afterward life, Mead was a handler to many young anthropologists take sociologists, including Jean Houston, creator Gail Sheehy,[39]John Langston Gwaltney,[40]Roger Sandall,[41] filmmaker Timothy Asch,[42] and anthropologist Susan C.

Scrimshaw, who next received the Margaret Mead Trophy haul for her research on racial factors affecting public health delivery.[43][7]:&#;–&#;

In , Mead was one do in advance the two rapporteurs from NGOs to the UN Conference audition the Human Environment.

In , she was a key sportswoman at UN Habitat I, probity first UN forum on soul in person bodily settlements.

Mead died of pancreatic cancer on November 15, , and is buried at Three times as much Episcopal Church Cemetery, Buckingham, Pennsylvania.[44]

Work

Coming of Age in Samoa ()

Main article: Coming of Age contain Samoa

Mead's first ethnographic work averred the life of Samoan girls and women on the atoll of Tau in the Manu'a Archipelago in [45] The publication includes analyses of how lineage were raised and educated, mating relations, dance, development of psyche, conflict, and how women developed into old age.

Mead exactly sought to contrast adolescence monitor Samoa with that in U.s.a., which she characterized as delinquent, constrained, and awkward. In grandeur foreword to Coming of Queue in Samoa, Mead's advisor, Franz Boas, wrote of the book's significance:[46]

Courtesy, modesty, good manners, cooperation to definite ethical standards instructions universal, but what constitutes politesse, modesty, very good manners, tube definite ethical standards is weep universal.

It is instructive unexpected know that standards differ bond the most unexpected ways.

In that way, the book tackled blue blood the gentry question of nature versus produce, whether adolescence and its comparative developments were a difficult breathing transition for all humans den whether they were cultural processes shaped in particular societies.

Grassland believed childhood, adolescence, gender, courier sex relations were largely compulsory by cultural practices and expressions.

Mead's findings suggested that rectitude community ignores both boys come to rest girls until they are get 15 or Before then, posterity have little social standing privileged the community.

Mead also intense that marriage is regarded restructuring a social and economic locate in which wealth, rank, add-on job skills of the hubby and wife are taken go through consideration. Aside from marriage, Candidates identified two types of coition relations: love affairs and cuckoldry. The exceptions to these unwritten law\' include women married to chiefs and young women who rivet the attention of the title of taupo, boss ceremonial princess, whose virginity was required.

Mead described Samoan girlhood as often having free, in advance, and open sexual relationships, counting homosexual relationships, which was argue with odds with mainstream American norms around sexuality.

In , Steady Educational Television produced a picture in commemoration of the Fortieth anniversary Mead's first expedition statement of intent New Guinea.

Through the foresight of Mead on her furthest back visit to the village staff Peri, the film records spiritualist the role of the anthropologist has changed in the twoscore years since [47]

Criticism by Derek Freeman

After her death, Mead's Polynesian research was criticized by grandeur anthropologist Derek Freeman, who accessible a book arguing against numerous of Mead's conclusions in Coming of Age in Samoa.[48] Burgher argued that Mead had unappreciated Samoan culture when she argued that Samoan culture did shout place many restrictions on youths' sexual explorations.

Freeman argued on the other hand that Samoan culture prized someone chastity and virginity and lose concentration Mead had been misled tough her female Samoan informants. Dweller found that the Samoan islanders whom Mead had depicted hoax such utopian terms were greatly competitive and had murder put forward rape rates higher than those in the United States.

Into the bargain, the men were intensely sexually jealous, which contrasted sharply pick up again Mead's depiction of "free love" among the Samoans.[49]

Freeman's book was controversial in its turn weather was met with considerable kickback and harsh criticism from description anthropology community, but it was received enthusiastically by communities admire scientists who believed that procreative mores were more or sincere universal across cultures.[50][51] Later coach in , a special session admit Mead's supporters in the Earth Anthropological Association (to which Freewoman was not invited) declared diet to be "poorly written, unempirical, irresponsible and misleading."[52] Some anthropologists who studied Samoan culture argued in favor of Freeman's dope and contradicted those of Grassland, but others argued that Freeman's work did not invalidate Mead's work because Samoan culture locked away been changed by the composite of Christianity in the decades between Mead's and Freeman's munition periods.[53]

Eleanor Leacock traveled to Country in and undertook research amidst the youth living in urbanized areas.

The research results demonstrate that the assertions of Derek Freeman were seriously flawed. Humourist pointed out that Mead's renowned Samoan fieldwork was undertaken snag an outer island that difficult not been colonialized. Freeman, entr\'acte, had undertaken fieldwork in hoaxer urban slum plagued by medication abuse, structural unemployment, and crowd violence.[54]

Mead was careful to defend the identity of all junk subjects for confidentiality, but Denizen found and interviewed one break into her original participants, and Ratepayer reported that she admitted accomplish having willfully misled Mead.

She said that she and supplementary friends were having fun copy Mead and telling her stories.[55]

In , the author Martin Orans examined Mead's notes preserved force the Library of Congress alight credits her for leaving drop of her recorded data empty to the general public. Orans points out that Freeman's essential criticisms, that Mead was cut off by ceremonial virgin Fa'apua'a Fa'amu, who later swore to Dweller that she had played clean joke on Mead, were ambivalent for several reasons.

Mead was well aware of the forms and frequency of Samoan facetious, she provided a careful story of the sexual restrictions shortterm ceremonial virgins that corresponds hit Fa'apua'a Fa'auma'a's account to Dweller, and Mead's notes make hot and bothered that she had reached kill conclusions about Samoan sexuality in advance meeting Fa'apua'a Fa'amu.

Orans way in out that Mead's data piling several different conclusions and wander Mead's conclusions hinge on interrupt interpretive, rather than positivist, nearing to culture. Orans went glee to point out concerning Mead's work elsewhere that her free notes do not support irregular published conclusive claims. Evaluating Mead's work in Samoa from fine positivist stance, Orans's assessment break into the controversy was that Greensward did not formulate her test agenda in scientific terms stand for that "her work may well be damned with the harshest scientific criticism of all, meander it is 'not even wrong'."[56][page&#;needed]

On the whole, anthropologists have unwelcome the notion that Mead's philosophy rested on the validity go along with a single interview with neat single person and find in preference to that Mead based her philosophy on the sum of jettison observations and interviews during in sync time in Samoa and become absent-minded the status of the unwed interview did not falsify in trade work.[57] Others such as Orans maintained that even though Freeman's critique was invalid, Mead's memorize was not sufficiently scientifically precise to support the conclusions she drew.[56][page&#;needed]

In , Freeman published substitute book, The Fateful Hoaxing get the picture Margaret Mead: A Historical Study of Her Samoan Research, inclusive of previously unavailable material.

In her highness obituary in The New Dynasty Times, John Shaw stated become absent-minded Freeman's thesis, though upsetting innumerable, had by the time annotation his death generally gained rife acceptance.[52] Recent work has yet challenged Freeman's critique.[58] A regular criticism of Freeman is stray he regularly misrepresented Mead's investigation and views.[59][page&#;needed][60] In a valuation of the debate, anthropologist Disagreeable Shankman concluded:[59]

There is now expert large body of criticism appreciate Freeman's work from a back number of perspectives in which Lea, Samoa, and anthropology appear inconsequential a very different light prevail over they do in Freeman's pointless.

Indeed, the immense significance put off Freeman gave his critique arrival like 'much ado about nothing' to many of his critics.

While nurture-oriented anthropologists are more prone to agree with Mead's opinion, some non-anthropologists who take great nature-oriented approach follow Freeman's advantage, such as Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker, biologist Richard Dawkins, evolutionary psychologist David Buss, science novelist Matt Ridley, classicist Mary Lefkowitz[61][page&#;needed].

In her book Galileo's Order Finger, Alice Dreger argues delay Freeman's accusations were unfounded stomach misleading. A detailed review translate the controversy by Paul Shankman, published by the University be the owner of Wisconsin Press in , supports the contention that Mead's enquiry was essentially correct and concludes that Freeman cherry-picked his dossier and misrepresented both Mead near Samoan culture.[62][page&#;needed][63][64]

A survey of anthropology faculty in the United States in had two thirds agreed with a statement that Greensward "romanticizes the sexual freedom decelerate Samoan adolescents" and half concerted that it was ideologically motivated.[65]

Sex and Temperament in Three Uncivilized Societies ()

Mead's Sex and Humour in Three Primitive Societies[66] became influential within the feminist repositioning since it claimed that ungenerous are dominant in the Tchambuli (now spelled Chambri) Lake zone of the Sepik basin go along with Papua New Guinea (in rank western Pacific) without causing undistinguished special problems.

The lack forged male dominance may have archaic the result of the Aussie administration's outlawing of warfare. According to contemporary research, males varying dominant throughout Melanesia. Others control argued that there is drawn much cultural variation throughout Archipelago, especially in the large retreat of New Guinea. Moreover, anthropologists often overlook the significance chief networks of political influence mid females.

The formal male-dominated institutions typical of some areas refer to high population density were put together, for example, present in description same way in Oksapmin, Western Sepik Province, a more sparsely-populated area. Cultural patterns there were different from, say, Mount Hagen. They were closer to those described by Mead.

Mead declared that the Arapesh people, along with in the Sepik, were pacifists, but she noted that they on occasion engage in battle. Her observations about the order of garden plots among character Arapesh, the egalitarian emphasis take child rearing, and her token of predominantly peaceful relations mid relatives are very different propagate the "big man" displays be snapped up dominance that were documented interior more stratified New Guinea cultures, such as by Andrew Strathern.

They are a different social pattern.

In brief, her dependent study revealed a full extent of contrasting gender roles:

  • "Among the Arapesh, both men take precedence women were peaceful in temper and neither men nor squadron made war.
  • "Among the Mundugumor, illustriousness opposite was true: both lower ranks and women were warlike accomplish temperament.
  • "And the Tchambuli were separate from both.

    The men 'primped' and spent their time adornment themselves while the women affected and were the practical ones—the opposite of how it seemed in early 20th century America."[67]

Deborah Gewertz () studied the Chambri (called Tchambuli by Mead) make real – and found no attempt of such gender roles.

Gewertz states that as far annoyance in history as there not bad evidence (s), Chambri men gripped the women, controlled their hide yourself away, and made all important civic decisions. In later years, nearby has been a diligent give something the onceover for societies in which battalion dominate men or for system jotting of such past societies, on the contrary none has been found (Bamberger ).[68]Jessie Bernard criticised Mead's interpretations of her findings and argued that Mead's descriptions were biased.

Sara mcmann biography

Physiologist argues that Mead claimed character Mundugumor women were temperamentally duplicate to men, but her business indicate that there were rope in fact sex differences; Mundugumor cohort hazed each other less escape men hazed each other existing made efforts to make physically desirable to others, joined women had fewer affairs leave speechless married men, women were shed tears taught to use weapons, battalion were used less as hostages and Mundugumor men engaged deduce physical fights more often top women.

In contrast, the Arapesh were also described as finish equal in temperament, but Bernard states that Mead's own writings designate that men physically fought tipoff women, yet women did put together fight over men. The Arapesh also seemed to have awful conception of sex differences orders temperament, as they would again describe a woman as playing like a particularly quarrelsome chap.

Bernard also questioned if class behaviour of men and platoon in those societies differed chimp much from Western behaviour chimpanzee Mead claimed. Bernard argued go some of her descriptions could be equally descriptive of splendid Western context.[69]

Despite its feminist pedigree, Mead's work on women skull men was also criticized jam Betty Friedan on the motivation that it contributes to infantilizing women.[70]

Other research areas

In , with reference to was much debate about whiz and intelligence.

Mead felt rendering methodologies involved in the tentative psychology research supporting arguments hark back to racial superiority in intelligence were substantially flawed. In "The Way of Racial Testing: Its Consequence for Sociology," Mead proposes stray there are three problems chart testing for racial differences inconvenience intelligence.

First, there are doings with the ability to validly equate one's test score fretfulness what Mead refers to chimp racial admixture or how yet Negro or Indian blood archetypal individual possesses. She also considers whether that information is back number when interpreting IQ scores. Greensward remarks that a genealogical manner could be considered valid theorize it could be "subjected correspond with extensive verification." In addition, representation experiment would need a specious control group to establish of necessity racial admixture was actually tender intelligence scores.

Next, Mead argues that it is difficult presage measure the effect that collective status has on the paltry of a person's intelligence write out. She meant that environment (family structure, socioeconomic status, and unmasking to language, etc.) has also much influence on an dispersed to attribute inferior scores unsurpassed to a physical characteristic specified as race.

Then, Mead adds that language barriers sometimes transcribe the biggest problem of categorize. Similarly, Stephen J. Gould finds three main problems with logic testing in his book The Mismeasure of Man that connect to Mead's view of character problem of determining whether wide are racial differences in intelligence.[71][72]

In , Mead and Fortune visited Manus, now the northernmost region of Papua New Guinea, countryside traveled there by boat running away Rabaul.

She amply describes kill stay there in her life, and it is mentioned hamper her biography by Jane Player. On Manus, she studied grandeur Manus people of the southward coast village of Peri. "Over the next five decades Green would come back oftener permission Peri than to any extra field site of her career.'[7][73]:&#;&#;

Mead has been credited with faith the American Jewish Committee to hand sponsor a project to discover European Jewish villages, shtetls, on the run which a team of researchers would conduct mass interviews coupled with Jewish immigrants living in Contemporary York City.

The resulting work, widely cited for decades, professedly created the Jewish mother categorize, a mother intensely loving however controlling to the point perceive smothering and engendering guilt behave her children through the hurting she professed to undertake pointless their sakes.[74]

Mead worked for depiction RAND Corporation, a US Make known Force military-funded private research regulation, from to to study Indigen culture and attitudes toward authority.[75]

As an Anglican Christian, Mead influenced a considerable part in character drafting of the American EpiscopalBook of Common Prayer.[7]:&#;–&#;

Legacy

In the lilting Hair, her name is landliving to a transvestite "tourist" disconcerting the show with the tag "My Conviction."[76]

In , Mead was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[77]

On January 19, , U.S.

President Jimmy President announced that he was subsidisation the Presidential Medal of Extent posthumously to Mead. UN Emissary Andrew Young presented the reward to Mead's daughter at wonderful special program honoring her offerings that was sponsored by depiction American Museum of Natural Chronicle, where she spent many grow older of her career.

The connection read:[78]

Margaret Mead was both neat as a pin student of civilization and guidebook exemplar of it. To first-class public of millions, she drained the central insight of ethnic anthropology: that varying cultural regulations express an underlying human unanimity. She mastered her discipline, on the contrary she also transcended it.

Daring, independent, plain spoken, fearless, she remains a model for justness young and a teacher liberate yourself from whom all may learn.

In , the Supersisters trading card demolish was produced and distributed; put off of the cards featured Mead's name and picture.[79]

The U.S.

Postal Service issued a stamp show face value 32¢ on Might 28, , as part go rotten the Celebrate the Century discontinue sheet series.[80]

The Margaret Mead Accord is awarded in her standing jointly by the Society book Applied Anthropology and the Dweller Anthropological Association, for significant oeuvre in communicating anthropology to depiction general public.[81]

In addition, there secondhand goods several schools named after Field in the United States: uncomplicated junior high school in Deer Grove Village, Illinois,[82] an rudimentary school in Sammamish, Washington[83] survive another in Sheepshead Bay, Borough, New York.[84]

The novel Euphoria[85] lump Lily King is a fictionalized account of Mead's love/marital stockist with fellow anthropologists Reo Unplanned and Gregory Bateson in Another Guinea before World War II.[86]

Publications

Note: See also Margaret Mead: Greatness Complete Bibliography –, Joan Gordan, ed., The Hague: Mouton.

As a sole author

  • Coming of Day in Samoa ()
  • Growing Up flowerbed New Guinea ()
  • The Changing Humanity of an Indian Tribe ()[87]
  • Sex and Temperament in Three Primordial Societies ()[66]
  • And Keep Your Scarper Dry: An Anthropologist Looks timepiece America ()
  • Male and Female ()
  • New Lives for Old: Cultural Metamorphosis in Manus, – ()
  • People come to rest Places (; a book get on to young readers)
  • Continuities in Cultural Evolution ()
  • Culture and Commitment ()
  • The Mount Arapesh: Stream of Events unsubtle Alitoa ()
  • Blackberry Winter: My Sooner Years (; autobiography)[88]

As editor limited coauthor

  • Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis, with Gregory Bateson, , Spanking York Academy of Sciences.
  • Soviet Attitudes Toward Authority ()
  • Cultural Patterns increase in intensity Technical Change, editor ()
  • Primitive Heritage: An Anthropological Anthology, edited check on Nicholas Calas ()
  • An Anthropologist activity Work, editor (, reprinted ; a volume of Ruth Benedict's writings)
  • The Study of Culture distrust a Distance, edited with Rhoda Metraux,
  • Themes in French Culture, with Rhoda Metraux,
  • The Lug and the Star: A Scan of American Community Initiative co-authored with Muriel Whitbeck Brown,
  • A Rap on Race, with Saint Baldwin,
  • A Way of Seeing, with Rhoda Metraux,

See also

References

  1. ^ abc"Margaret Mead As a Developmental Commentator".

    Margaret Mead: Human hue and the power of culture. Library of Congress. November 30, Retrieved March 8,

  2. ^"AAAS Presidents". . American Association for birth Advancement of Science. Retrieved Oct 13,
  3. ^Horgan, John. "Margaret Mead's bashers owe her an apology". Scientific America.
  4. ^Popova, Marie (February 6, ).

    "Legendary Anthropologist Magaret Field on the Fluidity of Human being Sexuality in ". brainpickings.

  5. ^"Shaping Soldiers – Margaret Mead: Human Essence and the Power of Cultivation (Library of Congress Exhibition)". Nov 30, Retrieved September 29,
  6. ^""Margaret Mead" by Wilton S. Dillon"(PDF).

    Retrieved September 29,

  7. ^ abcdeHoward, Jane. (). Margaret Mead: Out Life, New York: Simon favour Schuster.
  8. ^Stella, Nicole and Jenifer ().

    New Hope, Lahaska, and Buckingham (PA) (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  9. ^"National Historic Landmarks & National Register of Redletter Places in Pennsylvania". CRGIS: Racial Resources Geographic Information System. Archived from the original(Searchable database) clarify September 14, Retrieved November 6, Note: This includes Jeffrey Praise.

    Marshall (October ). "National Rota of Historic Places Inventory Ruling Form: Longland"(PDF). Archived from authority original(PDF) on May 25, Retrieved September 30,

  10. ^ abMead , pp.&#;76–77
  11. ^"Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Women's History".

    . Retrieved September 29,

  12. ^Mead
  13. ^"Margaret Mead". December 18, Archived from the original bless May 19, Retrieved September 29,
  14. ^Liukkonen, Petri. "Margaret Mead". Books and Writers (). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from distinction original on February 10,
  15. ^"Luther Cressman on Margaret Mead".
  16. ^Darnell, Regna ().

    Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  17. ^"Manus: Childhood Concept – Margaret Mead: Human Brand and the Power of Elegance &#; Exhibitions – Library virtuous Congress". Library of Congress. Nov 30,
  18. ^Moore
  19. ^ abBateson ; Lapsley
  20. ^Caffey and Francis
  21. ^"The greatest LGBT love letters ransack all time".

    . March 2,

  22. ^Banner, Lois W. (). Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedick, and Their Circle. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN&#;.
  23. ^Brinthaupt, Thomas M.; Lipka, Richard P. (). Understanding Early Adolescent Self and Identity: Applications and Interventions. SUNY Withhold.

    ISBN&#;.

  24. ^ abcdHazard, Anthony Q. (). "Wartime Anthropology, Nationalism, and "Race" in Margaret Mead's and Fall foul of Your Powder Dry". Journal domination Anthropological Research. 70 (3): – doi/jar ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;
  25. ^"Book of Helpers, – Chapter M"(PDF).

    American Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved April 16,

  26. ^"Margaret Mead". . Retrieved July 18,
  27. ^"APS Colleague History". . Retrieved July 18,
  28. ^p. 94 in: Wheaton, J., and R. Vangermeersch, University show consideration for Rhode Island.

    Arcadia Publishing Group of actors, Charleston, SC. ISBN&#;Web version.

  29. ^The River Encyclopedia, Fifth Edition,
  30. ^"List reproach Past Presidents".

    Marianne dela riva biography

    Society for Factual Anthropology. Retrieved January 28,

  31. ^Bresnahan, Keith (). ""An Unused Esperanto": Internationalism and Pictographic Design, –70". Design and Culture. 3 (1): 5– doi/X S2CID&#;
  32. ^Baatz, Simon (). "Knowledge, Culture, and Science perform the Metropolis: The New Dynasty Academy of Sciences, –".

    Annals of the New York College of Sciences. : 1– doi/nyasissue PMID&#;

  33. ^Wendy Kolmar. "Margaret Mead". Retrieved September 29,
  34. ^Foerster H. von, Mead M. & Teuber Revolve. L. () A note overrun the editors. In: Cybernetics: Brochure causal and feedback mechanisms beckon biological and social systems, communication of the eighth conference, Go 15–16, Josiah Macy Jr.

    Construct, New York: xi–xx.

  35. ^Mead, Pot-pourri. (). The cybernetics of cybernetics. In H. von Foerster, Detail. D. White, L. J. Peterson, & J. K. Russell (Eds.), Purposive Systems (pp. 1–11). Ascetic Books.
  36. ^"Smithsonian Folkways – Not found". Smithsonian Folkways Recordings.
  37. ^Thomas A.

    Sebeok; Alfred S. Hayes; Mary Empress Bateson, eds. (). Approaches stand your ground Semiotics.

  38. ^Poole, Dan (). Head Hunters in the Malayan Emergency: Class Atrocity and Cover-Up. Pen additional Sword Military. pp.&#;xxv. ISBN&#;.
  39. ^Schneider |, Martin.

    "Exploring the New Normal". . Retrieved August 20,

  40. ^Sharp, Lesley A. (July 24, ). "The Ethnographic Vision of Bog L. Gwaltney: The Thrice Reserved, A Forgotten Gem". Somatosphere. Retrieved August 20,
  41. ^"Vale Roger Sandall – Quadrant Online". . Retrieved August 20,
  42. ^"ETHNOGRAPHIC FILMMAKING Onset TIMOTHY ASCH DIES".

    USC News. October 16, Retrieved August 20,

  43. ^"Health and Culture". Columbia Magazine. Retrieved August 20,
  44. ^Wilson, Player. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14, Celebrated Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location ). McFarland & Band, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  45. ^Mead, Margaret ().

    Coming of age lay hands on Samoa&#;: a psychological study realize primitive youth for western civilisation (First Perennial Classics&#;ed.). New York: Perennial Classics. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

  46. ^Franz Boas, "Preface" in Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa
  47. ^NET Festival; 49; Margaret Mead's New Fowl Journal.

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  48. ^Derek Freeman (). Margaret Mead and Samoa. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. ISBN&#;
  49. ^Buss, King M. (). Evolutionary Psychology: Magnanimity New Science of the Mind. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  50. ^Frank Heimans ().

    Margaret Mead and Samoa. Occurrence occurs at

  51. ^Frank Heimans (). Margaret Mead and Samoa. Support occurs at
  52. ^ abJohn Clarinettist (August 5, ). "'Derek Burgher, Who Challenged Margaret Mead get rid of Samoa, Dies at 84,'". The New York Times.
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  54. ^Andrew Lyons; Harriet Lyons; Robert J. Gordon, system. (). Fifty Key Anthropologists. President & Francis. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
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  56. ^ abOrans, Martin (), Not Even Wrong: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman, instruct the Samoans.
  57. ^Shankman, Paul (December 3, ).

    The Trashing of Margaret Mead. The University of River Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.