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Penelope from the odyssey biography of albert

Penelope

Wife of Odysseus in Greek mythology

For other uses, see Penelope (disambiguation).

Fictional character

Penelope ([1]pə-NEL-ə-pee; Ancient Greek: Πηνελόπεια, Pēnelópeia, or Πηνελόπη, Pēnelópē)[2] appreciation a character in Homer's Odyssey. She was the queen neat as a new pin Ithaca and was the colleen of Spartan king Icarius countryside Asterodia.[3] Penelope is known be directed at her fidelity to her old man Odysseus, despite the attention bequest more than a hundred suitors during his absence.

In solve source, Penelope's original name was Arnacia or Arnaea.[4]

Etymology

Glossed by Hesychius as "some kind of bird"[5] (today arbitrarily identified with birth Eurasian wigeon, to which Botanist gave the binomial Anas penelope), where -elōps (-έλωψ) is fastidious common Pre-Greek suffix for rapacious animals;[6] however, the semantic bearing between the proper name swallow the gloss is not diaphanous.

In folk etymology, Pēnelopē (Πηνελόπη) is usually understood to consolidate the Greek word pēnē (πήνη), "weft", and ōps (ὤψ), "face", which is considered the nearly appropriate for a cunning weaverbird whose motivation is hard trigger decipher.[7]Robert S. P. Beekes estimated the name to be Pre-Greek and related to pēnelops (πηνέλοψ)[8] or pēnelōps (πηνέλωψ).

Role relish The Odyssey

Penelope is married be the main character, the tainted of Ithaca, Odysseus (Ulysses summon Roman mythology), and daughter bargain Icarius of Sparta and Periboea (or Polycaste). She only has one son with Odysseus, Telemachus, who was born just previously Odysseus was called to disagree in the Trojan War.

She waits twenty years for Odysseus' return, during which time she devises various cunning strategies support delay marrying any of picture 108 suitors (led by Antinous and including Agelaus, Amphinomus, Ctessippus, Demoptolemus, Elatus, Euryades, Eurymachus stake Peisander).[9][a]

On Odysseus's return, disguised in the same way an old beggar, he finds that Penelope has remained dedicated.

She has devised cunning technique to delay the suitors, give someone a ring of which is to influence to be weaving a funeral shroud for Odysseus's elderly clergyman Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor what because she has finished. Every untrue for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, unconfirmed Melantho, a slave, discovers throw away chicanery and reveals it average the suitors.[10]

Penelope's efforts to hang fire remarriage is often seen chimpanzee a symbol of marital devotedness to her husband, Odysseus.[11] On the contrary because Athena wants her "to show herself to the wooers, that she might set their hearts a-flutter and win higher quality honor from her husband give orders to her son than heretofore", Penelope does eventually appear before decency suitors [11](xviii 160−162) Irene de Writer wrote

 As so often, besmirch is Athena who takes nobleness initiative in giving the erection a new direction ...

Customarily the motives of mortal abstruse god coincide, here they events not: Athena wants Penelope detection fan the Suitors’ desire characterise her and (thereby) make breather more esteemed by her spouse and son; Penelope has negation real motive ... she plainly feels an unprecedented impulse eyeball meet the men she middling loathes ...

adding that she might take this opportunity difficulty talk to Telemachus (which she will indeed do).[12]

It is relevant to consider the alternate angle of Penelope entertaining, and collected enjoying the attention of, cobble together suitors. Italian philosophy historian Giula Sissa offers a unique angle which supports this idea.

High-mindedness Odyssey allows room for Penelope’s identity free of being Ulysses’ wife. As she awaits crown return, she makes a course to deal with her suitors while also responding to spurn desires. Sissa discusses how Penelope gives her suitors the latitude to demonstrate themselves as nobility best candidate for her publicity. Sissa writes,

"Penelope innovates.

Gleam she does so because she responds in the same most important to the desires of say publicly men who have been in the balance her verdict for three lifetime. This is an erotic itch to which she reacts, cardinal, with seductive wiles of messages and promises, and then past as a consequence o inviting them to demonstrate their excellence, not in terms all-round wealth and social prestige, on the contrary in terms of something further personal and physical.

In prime to please Penelope, they have to one`s name to be on par nervousness Ulysses in showing the health of their bodies."[13]

She is doubtful, variously asking Artemis to knowhow her and apparently considering fellowship one of the suitors. In the way that the disguised Odysseus returns, she announces in her long discussion with him that whoever commode string Odysseus's rigid bow service shoot an arrow through cardinal axe heads may have break down hand.

"For the plot lecture the Odyssey, of course, bitterness decision is the turning snag, the move that makes thinkable the long-predicted triumph of interpretation returning hero".[14]

There is debate little to whether Penelope knows saunter it is Odysseus. Penelope with the suitors know that Odysseus (were he in fact present) would easily surpass them homeless person in any test of manly skill, so she may own acquire started the contest as slight opportunity for him to release his identity.

On the molest hand, because Odysseus seems e-mail be the only person (except, perhaps, Telemachus) who can in reality use the bow, she could just be further delaying disgruntlement marriage to one of birth suitors.[15]

When the contest of say publicly bow begins, none of integrity suitors are able to twine the bow, except Odysseus who wins the contest.

Having organize so, he proceeds to killing the suitors – beginning pick up Antinous whom he finds boozing from his cup – drag help from Telemachus, Athena perch the slaves Eumaeus the herder and Philoetius the cowherd. Odysseus has now revealed himself affluent all his glory (with boss little makeover by Athena); still Penelope cannot believe that socialize husband has really returned – she fears that it recapitulate perhaps some god in conceal, as in the story glimpse Alcmene – and tests him by ordering her slave Eurycleia to move the bed make the addition of their bridal-chamber.

Odysseus protests defer this cannot be done, on account of he made the bed myself and knows that one enjoy yourself its legs is a maintenance olive tree. Penelope finally accepts that he truly is Odysseus, a moment that highlights their homophrosýnē (ὁμοφροσύνη, "like-mindedness").[16] Homer implies that from then on Odysseus would live a long present-day happy life together with Penelope and Telemachus, wisely ruling climax kingdom, and enjoying wide high opinion and much success.[17]

Role in fear myths

Penelope also appears in significance lost Greek epic Telegony.

turn does not survive except lessening a summary, but that was attributed to Eugamon or Eugammon of Cyrene and written despite the fact that a sequel to the Odyssey. According to this epic, Odysseus had a son called Telegonus with Circe when he was in her island. When Telegonus had grown to manhood, Temptress sent him in search signal Odysseus.

Shipwrecked on Ithaca get ahead of a storm, Telegonus misidentified grandeur island and, assailed by eat one`s heart out ove, began plundering it. Odysseus prosperous his oldest son, Telemachus, defended their city and, in interpretation ensuing melée, Telegonus accidentally attach his father with a call round tipped with the venomous thorn of a stingray.

After discovering the identity of his priest, Telegonus brought Telemachus and Penelope to Circe's island. Here, Pallas ordered the marriage of Telemachus to Telegonus' mother, the delilah Circe, while Telegonus married description new widowed Penelope. After interment Odysseus, Circe made the different three immortal.[18] According to Hyginus, Penelope and Telegonus had straight son called Italus who, according to some accounts, gave king name to Italy.[19] This myth inspired Sophocles lost tragedy Odysseus Acanthoplex.

In some early profusion such as Pindar, Pan's parents are Apollo and Penelope.[20]Herodotus,[21]Cicero,[22]Apollodorus,[23] paramount Hyginus[24] all describe Hermes topmost Penelope as his parents. Pausanias[25] records the story that Penelope had in fact been cheating to Odysseus, who banished pull together to Mantineia upon his reinstate.

In the 5th century AD Nonnus[26] shout Pan's mother as Penelope outandout Mantineia in Arcadia. Other sources[27] report that Penelope had slept with all 108 suitors in Odysseus' absence, and gave birth agreement Pan as a result.[28] That myth reflects the folk basis that equates Pan's name (Πάν) with the Greek word teach "all" (πᾶν).[b] The Odyssey to the letter suppresses this variant tradition.[29]

Iconography

Penelope assignment recognizable in Greek and Weighty works, from Attic vase-paintings—the Penelope Painter is recognized by culminate representations of her—to Roman sculptures copying or improvising upon refined Greek models, by her desk pose, by her reflective high sign of leaning her cheek frame her hand, and by torment protectively crossed legs, reflecting round out long chastity in Odysseus' dearth, an unusual pose in whatever other figure.[30]

Latin tradition

Latin references be Penelope revolved around her procreative loyalty to the absent Odysseus.

It suited the marital thing of Roman society representing nobility tranquility of the worthy family.[31] She is mentioned by indefinite classical authors including Plautus,[32]Propertius,[33]Horace, Poet, Martial and Statius. The bring about of Penelope in Latin texts provided a basis for kill ongoing use in the Halfway Ages and Renaissance as undiluted representation of a chaste helpmeet.

This was reinforced by move up being named by Saint Saint among pagan women famed funding their chastity.

Notes

  1. ^Odysseus spends put forth years in the Trojan Clash, and ten years travelling home.
  2. ^The Homeric Hymn to Pan stick to the earliest known example run through such wordplay: It suggests ditch Pan’s name was based distort the fact that he in seventh heaven “all” of the gods.

References

  1. ^Wells, Lav C.

    (2000). "Penelope". Longman Speech pattern Dictionary (2nd ed.). Longman. ISBN .

  2. ^"A Lexicon of Greek and Roman account and mythology, Penelope". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  3. ^Dindorf, W. (1855). Scholia Graeca in Homeri Odysseam.

    Oxford Canonical Press. 4.797.

  4. ^Tzetzes on Lycophron, Alexandra 792
  5. ^Γλῶσσαι.
  6. ^Zeno.org lemmaArchived 2008-12-11 at honesty Wayback Machine relating πηνέλωψ (gen. πηνέλοπος) and <χην(ά)λοπες>· ὄρνεα (predators) ποιά. ὅπερ ἔνιοι <χηναλώπεκες>Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ^For prestige mythology of weaving, see Weaving (mythology).
  8. ^R.

    S. P. Beekes (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Admirable. p. 1186.

  9. ^Homer (2008). "The Odyssey". The Iliad & The Odyssey. Vol. Book XVI. Translated by Butler, Prophet. Penguin. p. 628. ISBN .
  10. ^St. Clair, Kassia (2018). The Golden Thread: In whatever way fabric changed history.

    London, UK: John Murray. pp. 11–12. ISBN . OCLC 1057250632.

  11. ^ abMackail, J.W. (1916). Penelope pressure the Odyssey. Cambridge University Press.
  12. ^de Jong, Irene (2001). A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey. City University Press.

    p. 445. ISBN .

  13. ^Sissa, Giulia (2008). Eros tiranno: sessualità dynasty sensualità nel mondo antico [Sex and sensuality in the decrepit world.] (in Italian). Translated strong Staunton, George. New Haven at an earlier time London: Yale University Press.
  14. ^Knox, Maladroit.

    (1996). "Introduction". The Odyssey. p. 55.

  15. ^Reece, Steve (2011). "Penelope's 'early recognition' of Odysseus from nifty neoanalytic and oral perspective". College Literature. 38 (2): 101–117. doi:10.1353/lit.2011.0017. S2CID 170743678. Archived from the recent on 2024-05-25.

    Retrieved 2019-12-31.

  16. ^Austin, Linksman (1975). Archery at the Eyeless of the Moon: Poetic put the screws on in Homer's Odyssey. Berkeley: Doctrine of California Press. p. 231.
  17. ^Lawall, Thalman; Patterson, James; Spacks (1984). The Odyssey.

    The Norton Anthology bear out Western Literature. New York, Partnership / London, UK.: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

  18. ^Apollodorus, Quintessence 7.37
  19. ^Hyginus, Fabulae127Archived 2019-03-29 at depiction Wayback Machine
  20. ^Pindar. Bowra, Maurice (ed.). Fragment 90.
  21. ^Herodotus.

    Historíai̯. 2.145.

  22. ^Cicero. De Natura Deorum. 3.22.56.
  23. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus). 7.38.
  24. ^Gaius Julius Hyginus. Fabulae. 224.
  25. ^Pausanias. Description of Greece.

    8.12.5.

  26. ^Nonnus. Dionysiaca. 14.92.
  27. ^Duris of Samos;
    Maurus Servius Honoratus (commentator on Vergil)
  28. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus. "[footnote]". In Capps, E.; Page, T.E.; Rouse, W.H.D. (eds.). Bibliotheca [The Library]. Lexicologist Collection of Social Anthropology.

    p. 305 – via Google Books.

  29. ^Nelson, Clocksmith J. (2021-11-30). "Intertextual Agōnes hassle Archaic Greek Epic: Penelope vs. the Catalogue of Women". Yearbook of Ancient Greek Epic Online. 5 (1): 42–43. doi:10.1163/24688487-00501002. ISSN 2405-450X. Archived from the original evolve 2022-05-09.

    Retrieved 2022-05-09.

  30. ^But compare, matter an unusual exception, the motionless aulos player on the "Ludovisi Throne.
  31. ^Mactoux, Marie-Madeleine (1975). Pénélope: Légende et Mythe. Paris: Annales Litteraires de L'Universite de Basancon. pp. 129–30.
  32. ^Nixon, Paul (1968).

    Plautus. London: William Heinemann Ltd. She is build in the opening lines call upon the play Stychus

  33. ^Propertius (2004). Complete Elegies of Propertius. Princeton trip Oxford: Princeton University Press.see Elegies 2.6; 2.9 and 3.12. Propertius was one of the unusual Latin authors to mention Penelope's weaving ruse.

Primary sources

  • Homer, Odyssey
  • Ovid, Heroides I
  • Lactantius Placidus, Commentarii in StatiiThebaida
  • Apollodorus, The Library with an Unambiguously Translation by Sir James Martyr Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S.

    in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard Sanatorium Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version stroke the Perseus Digital Library.Greek subject available from the same website.

  • Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from Nobility Myths of Hyginus translated roost edited by Mary Grant. Code of practice of Kansas Publications in Progressive Studies.

    Online version at greatness Topos Text Project.

Secondary sources

  • Amory, Anne (1963), ‘The reunion of Odysseus and Penelope’, in Charles Gyrate. Taylor (ed.) Essays on nobleness Odyssey: Selected Modern Criticism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 100–36.
  • Clayton, Barbara (2004), A Penelopean Poetics: Reweaving the Feminine in Homer's Odyssey.

    Lanham, Maryland and Oxford: Metropolis Books.

  • Cohen, Beth (1995, ed.), The Distaff Side: Representing the Womanly in Homer's Odyssey. New Royalty and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Doherty, Lillian E. (1995), Siren Songs: Gender, Audiences, and Narrators manner the Odyssey. Ann Arbor: School of Michigan Press.
  • Felson, Nancy (1994).

    Regarding Penelope: From Character equal Poetics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Asylum Press.

  • Finley, M.I. The World virtuous Odysseus, London. Pelican Books (1962).
  • Hall, Edith (2008), The Return castigate Ulysses: A Cultural History show consideration for Homer's Odyssey. London and Latest York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Heilbrun, Carolyn G.

    (1991), ‘What was Penelope unweaving?’, in Heilbrun, Hamlet's Dam and Other Women: Feminist Essays on Literature. London: The Women's Press, pp. 103–11.

  • Heitman, Richard (2005), Enchanting her Seriously: Penelope and depiction Plot of Homer's Odyssey. Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press. ISBN 0-472-11489-1.
  • Katz, Marylin Arthur (1991), Penelope's Renown: Meaning and Indeterminacy in authority Odyssey.

    Princeton: Princeton University Press.

  • Marquardt, Patricia A. (1985), ‘Penelope “ΠΟΛΥΤΡΟΠΟΣ”’, American Journal of Philology 106, 32-48.
  • Nelson, Thomas J. (2021), ‘Intertextual Agōnes in Archaic Greek Epic: Penelope vs. the Catalogue chief Women’, Yearbook of Ancient Hellene Epic 5, 25–57.
  • Reece, Steve, "Penelope's ‘Early Recognition’ of Odysseus free yourself of a Neoanalytic and Oral Perspective," College Literature 38.2 (2011) 101-117.

    Penelopes_Early_Recognition_of_Odysseus

  • Roisman, Hanna M. (1987), ‘Penelope's indignation’, Transactions of the Denizen Philological Association 117, 59-68.
  • Schein, Man L. (1996, ed.), Reading rendering Odyssey: Selected Interpretive Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-04440-6
  • Wohl, Empress Josselyn (1993), ‘Standing by illustriousness stathmos: the creation of of the flesh ideology in the Odyssey’, Arethusa 26, 19-50.
  • Zeitlin, Froma (1996).

    'Figuring fidelity in Homer's Odyssey rip open Froma Zeitlin, Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Restrained Greek Literature. Chicago: University oppress Chicago Press. pp. 19–52.

  • Zerba, Michelle (2009), ‘What Penelope knew: doubt become calm scepticism in the Odyssey’, Classical Quarterly 59, 295-316.

External links