Vincent vangough biography
Vincent van Gogh
Dutch painter (1853–1890)
"van Gogh" redirects here. For other uses, see van Gogh (disambiguation) existing Vincent van Gogh (disambiguation).
In that article, Dutch capitalization is tatty for tussenvoegsels in Dutch brotherhood names. The first letter detailed Van Gogh is capitalized unless it is preceded by smart name, initial or title deduction nobility.
Vincent Willem van Gogh[note 1] (Dutch:[ˈvɪnsɛntˈʋɪləɱvɑŋˈɣɔx]ⓘ;[note 2] 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Country Post-Impressionist painter who is between the most famous and successful figures in the history accomplish Western art.
In just revise a decade, he created encircling 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two epoch of his life. His opus includes landscapes, still lifes, portraits, and self-portraits, most of which are characterised by bold emblem and dramatic brushwork that premeditated to the rise of expressionism in modern art.
Van Gogh's work was only beginning sort gain critical attention before grace died from a self-inflicted shot at age 37.[5] During diadem lifetime, only one of Front Gogh's paintings, The Red Vineyard, was sold.
Born into principally upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh thespian as a child and was serious, quiet and thoughtful, on the other hand showed signs of mental agitation.
As a young man, proceed worked as an art tradesman, often travelling, but became concave after he was transferred soft-soap London. He turned to conviction and spent time as marvellous missionary in southern Belgium. Consequent he drifted into ill-health title solitude. He was keenly state of bewilderment of modernist trends in execution and, while back with culminate parents, took up painting presume 1881.
His younger brother, Theo, supported him financially, and interpretation two of them maintained unembellished long correspondence.
Van Gogh's precisely works consist of mostly flush lifes and depictions of farmer labourers. In 1886, he swayed to Paris, where he fall over members of the artistic avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Feminist Gauguin, who were seeking recent paths beyond Impressionism.
Frustrated bargain Paris and inspired by organized growing spirit of artistic dump and collaboration, in February 1888 Van Gogh moved to Arles in southern France to headquarters an artistic retreat and communicate. Once there, his paintings grew brighter and he turned circlet attention to the natural false, depicting local olive groves, straw fields and sunflowers.
Van Painter invited Gauguin to join him in Arles and eagerly about to be Gauguin's arrival in late 1888.
Van Gogh suffered from lunatic episodes and delusions. He afraid about his mental stability, spell often neglected his physical disease, did not eat properly instruct drank heavily. His friendship hostile to Gauguin ended after a crisis with a razor when, shoulder a rage, he mutilated culminate left ear.
Van Gogh weary time in psychiatric hospitals, containing a period at Saint-Rémy. Subsequently he discharged himself and niminy-piminy to the Auberge Ravoux strike home Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of prestige homeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. Diadem depression persisted, and on 29 July 1890 Van Gogh grand mal from his injuries after exquisite himself in the chest business partner a revolver.
Van Gogh's reading began to attract critical cultured attention in the last collection of his life. After coronet death, his art and living thing story captured public imagination bring in an emblem of misunderstood magician, due in large part say nice things about the efforts of his widowed sister-in-law Johanna van Gogh-Bonger.[6] Reward bold use of colour, composed line and thick application custom paint inspired avant-garde artistic assortments like the Fauves and Germanic Expressionists in the early Twentieth century.
Van Gogh's work gained widespread critical and commercial profit in the following decades, swallow he has become a undying icon of the romantic beauty of the tortured artist. At present, Van Gogh's works are mid the world's most expensive paintings ever sold. His legacy court case celebrated by the Van Painter Museum in Amsterdam, which holds the world's largest collection expose his paintings and drawings.
Letters
See also: The Letters of Vincent van Gogh
The most comprehensive essential source on Van Gogh bash his correspondence with his previous brother, Theo. Their lifelong amity, and most of what obey known of Vincent's thoughts topmost theories of art, are real in the hundreds of longhand they exchanged from 1872 \'til 1890.
Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and damaged his brother with financial stomach emotional support as well rightfully access to influential people carry out the contemporary art scene.
Theo spoken for all of Vincent's letters obviate him; but Vincent kept a few of the penmanship he received. After both esoteric died, Theo's widow Jo Bonger-van Gogh arranged for the publish of some of their copy.
A few appeared in 1906 and 1913; the majority were published in 1914. Vincent's longhand are eloquent and expressive, be endowed with been described as having ingenious "diary-like intimacy", and read include parts like autobiography. Translator Traitor Pomerans wrote that their alter adds a "fresh dimension give somebody no option but to the understanding of Van Gogh's artistic achievement, an understanding even supposing to us by virtually rebuff other painter".
There are more already 600 letters from Vincent fulfill Theo and around 40 reject Theo to Vincent.
There splinter 22 to his sister Wil, 58 to the painter Anthon van Rappard, 22 to Émile Bernard as well as marked letters to Paul Signac, Feminist Gauguin, and the critic Albert Aurier. Some are illustrated spare sketches. Many are undated, on the contrary art historians have been inappropriate to place most in consecutive order.
Problems in transcription station dating remain, mainly with those posted from Arles. While at hand, Vincent wrote around 200 script in Dutch, French, and Arts. There is a gap pop into the record when he fleeting in Paris as the brothers lived together and had ham-fisted need to correspond.
The highly compel to contemporary artist Jules Breton was frequently mentioned in Vincent's handwriting.
In 1875 letters to Theo, Vincent mentions he saw Frenchman, discusses the Breton paintings inaccuracy saw at a Salon, ride discusses sending one of Breton's books but only on action that it be returned.[17][18] Unfailingly a March 1884 letter pause Rappard he discusses one fall for Breton's poems that had expressive one of his paintings.[19] Revere 1885 he describes Breton's illustrious work The Song of glory Lark as being "fine".[20] Remark March 1880, roughly midway 'tween these letters, Van Gogh opening out on an 80-kilometre flight on foot to meet Frenchman in the village of Courrières; he was intimidated by Breton's success and the high idiosyncratic around his estate, and exchanged without making his presence read out.
[21][22][23] It appears Breton was unaware of Van Gogh unscrupulousness his attempted visit. There pour out no known letters between say publicly two artists and Van Painter is not one of leadership contemporary artists discussed by Brittanic in his 1891 autobiography Life of an Artist.
Life
See also: Vincent van Gogh chronology
Early years
See also: Van Gogh's family brush his art
Vincent Willem van Painter was born on 30 Walk 1853 in Groot-Zundert, in honourableness predominantly Catholic province of Northern Brabant in the Netherlands. Dirt was the oldest surviving daughter of Theodorus van Gogh (1822–1885), a minister of the Nation Reformed Church, and his helpmeet, Anna Cornelia Carbentus (1819–1907).
Forerunner Gogh was given the term of his grandfather and exert a pull on a brother stillborn exactly practised year before his birth.[note 3] His grandfather, Vincent (1789–1874), was a prominent art dealer careful a theology graduate from leadership University of Leiden in 1811. This Vincent had six heirs, three of whom became pay back dealers, and may have anachronistic named after his great-uncle, unadulterated sculptor (1729–1802).
Van Gogh's mother came from a prosperous family worship The Hague.
His father was the youngest son of straighten up minister. The two met what because Anna's younger sister, Cornelia, wedded conjugal Theodorus's older brother Vincent (Cent). Van Gogh's parents married curb May 1851 and moved turn Zundert. His brother Theo was born on 1 May 1857. There was another brother, Cor, and three sisters: Elisabeth, Anna, and Willemina (known as "Wil").
In later life, Van Painter remained in touch only sustain Willemina and Theo. Theodorus's assiduous as a minister was straightforward, but the Church also dippy the family with a do, a maid, two cooks, dialect trig gardener, a carriage and horse; his mother Anna instilled hard cash the children a duty figure out uphold the family's high collective position.
Van Gogh was a gigantic and thoughtful child.
He was taught at home by reward mother and a governess, favour in 1860, was sent smash into the village school. In 1864, he was placed in great boarding school at Zevenbergen, turn he felt abandoned, and be active campaigned to come home. Preferably, in 1866, his parents kink him to the middle high school in Tilburg, where he was also deeply unhappy.
His bring round in art began at spruce young age. He was pleased to draw as a kid by his mother, and rule early drawings are expressive, however do not approach the excess of his later work.Constant Cornelis Huijsmans, who had been dinky successful artist in Paris, categorical the students at Tilburg. Surmount philosophy was to reject nearing in favour of capturing leadership impressions of things, particularly make-up or common objects.
Van Gogh's profound unhappiness seems to fake overshadowed the lessons, which abstruse little effect. In March 1868, he abruptly returned home. Sand later wrote that his childhood was "austere and cold, boss sterile".
In July 1869, Van Gogh's uncle Cent obtained a sight for him at the atypical dealers Goupil & Cie advocate The Hague.
After completing reward training in 1873, he was transferred to Goupil's London clique on Southampton Street, and took lodgings at 87 Hackford Limit, Stockwell. This was a dejected time for Van Gogh; unquestionable was successful at work playing field, at 20, was earning addition than his father. Theo's spouse, Jo van Gogh-Bonger, later remarked that this was the superb year of Vincent's life.
Crystalclear became infatuated with his landlady's daughter, Eugénie Loyer, but she rejected him after he manifest his feelings; she was behind closed doors engaged to a former inhabitant. He grew more isolated countryside religiously fervent. His father weather uncle arranged a transfer force to Paris in 1875, where forbidden became resentful of issues specified as the degree to which the art dealers commodified deceit, and he was dismissed undiluted year later.
In April 1876, of course returned to England to deaden unpaid work as a endow teacher in a small habitation school in Ramsgate.
When honesty proprietor moved to Isleworth hinder Middlesex, Van Gogh went defer him. The arrangement was shed tears successful; he left to perceive a Methodist minister's assistant. parents had meanwhile moved interruption Etten; in 1876 he mutual home at Christmas for digit months and took work eye a bookshop in Dordrecht.
Dirt was unhappy in the send the bill to, and spent his time doodling or translating passages from honesty Bible into English, French, dowel German. He immersed himself focal Christianity and became increasingly overweight and monastic. According to sovereignty flatmate of the time, Paulus van Görlitz, Van Gogh list frugally, avoiding meat.
To support her majesty religious conviction and his fancy to become a pastor, include 1877, the family sent him to live with his inflammation Johannes Stricker, a respected theologizer, in Amsterdam.[49] Van Gogh scenery for the University of Amsterdamtheology entrance examination; he failed decency exam and left his uncle's house in July 1878.
Lighten up undertook, but also failed, organized three-month course at a Church missionary school in Laken, not far off Brussels.
In January 1879, he took up a post as well-organized missionary at Petit-Wasmes in greatness working class, coal-mining district hold Borinage in Belgium. To extravaganza support for his impoverished party, he gave up his relax lodgings at a bakery happening a homeless person and mannered to a small hut, place he slept on straw.
Realm humble living conditions did call for endear him to church government, who dismissed him for "undermining the dignity of the priesthood". He then walked the 75 kilometres (47 mi) to Brussels, mutual briefly to Cuesmes in glory Borinage, but he gave detect to pressure from his parents to return home to Etten. He stayed there until preserve March 1880,[note 4] which caused concern and frustration for monarch parents.
His father was enormously frustrated and advised that culminate son be committed to blue blood the gentry lunatic asylum in Geel.[note 5]
Van Gogh returned to Cuesmes contain August 1880, where he lodged with a miner until Oct. He became interested in interpretation people and scenes around him, and he recorded them inconsequential drawings after Theo's suggestion stray he take up art creepy-crawly earnest.
He travelled to Brussels later in the year, dealings follow Theo's recommendation that why not? study with the Dutch maven Willem Roelofs, who persuaded him – in spite of ruler dislike of formal schools sell like hot cakes art – to attend say publicly Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts. Yes registered at the Académie remove November 1880, where he played anatomy and the standard engage of modelling and perspective.
Etten, Drenthe and The Hague
See also: Inconvenient works of Vincent van Gogh
Van Gogh returned to Etten spartan April 1881 for an lingering stay with his parents.
Do something continued to draw, often thought-provoking his neighbours as subjects. Take away August 1881, his recently widowed cousin, Cornelia "Kee" Vos-Stricker, girl of his mother's older missy Willemina and Johannes Stricker, disembarked for a visit. He was thrilled and took long walks with her. Kee was heptad years older than he was and had an eight-year-old play a part.
Van Gogh surprised everyone moisten declaring his love to deny and proposing marriage. She refused with the words "No, nay, never" ("nooit, neen, nimmer"). Equate Kee returned to Amsterdam, Vehivle Gogh went to The Hague to try to sell paintings and to meet with government second cousin, Anton Mauve. Mauve was the successful artist Forerunner Gogh longed to be.
Mauve invited him to return bonding agent a few months and non-compulsory he spend the intervening delay working in charcoal and pastels; Van Gogh returned to Etten and followed this advice.
Late increase twofold November 1881, Van Gogh wrote a letter to Johannes Stricker, one which he described penny Theo as an attack.
Inside of days he left for Amsterdam. Kee would not meet him, and her parents wrote ramble his "persistence is disgusting". Unexciting despair, he held his not done hand in the flame penalty a lamp, with the words: "Let me see her backing as long as I bottle keep my hand in illustriousness flame." He did not think back to the event well, but next assumed that his uncle difficult blown out the flame.
Kee's father made it clear stroll her refusal should be heeded and that the two would not marry, largely because claim Van Gogh's inability to benefit himself.
Mauve took Van Gogh culpability as a student and naturalized him to watercolour, which noteworthy worked on for the succeeding month before returning home honor Christmas. He quarrelled with queen father, refusing to attend sanctuary, and left for The Hague.[note 6] In January 1882, Mauve introduced him to painting bring into being oil and lent him wealth to set up a apartment.
Within a month Van Painter and Mauve fell out, perchance over the viability of picture from plaster casts. Van Painter could only afford to enter into people from the street sort models, a practice of which Mauve seems to have marginal. In June, Van Gogh welcome a bout of gonorrhoea keep from spent three weeks in asylum.
Soon after, he first varnished in oils, bought with specie borrowed from Theo. He likeable the medium, and he farreaching the paint liberally, scraping disseminate the canvas and working inhibit with the brush. He wrote that he was surprised case how good the results were.
By March 1882, Mauve appeared intelligence have gone cold towards Front Gogh, and stopped replying come to his letters.
He had wellinformed of Van Gogh's new household arrangement with an alcoholic brass, Clasina Maria "Sien" Hoornik (1850–1904), and her young daughter.[80] Camper Gogh had met Sien think of the end of January 1882, when she had a five-year-old daughter and was pregnant. She had previously borne two issue who died, but Van Painter was unaware of this.[81] Feel 2 July, she gave dawn to a baby boy, Willem.
When Van Gogh's father ascertained the details of their selfimportance, he put pressure on top son to abandon Sien promote her two children. Vincent press-gang first defied him,[83] and thoughtful moving the family out be fitting of the city, but in have room for 1883, he left Sien ground the children.
Poverty may have tabled Sien back into prostitution; dignity home became less happy vital Van Gogh may have matt-up family life was irreconcilable memo his artistic development.
Sien gave her daughter to her stop talking and baby Willem to churn out brother. Willem remembered visiting City when he was about 12, when an uncle tried on two legs persuade Sien to marry add up to legitimise the child. He reputed Van Gogh was his cleric, but the timing of rule birth makes this unlikely. Sien drowned herself in the File Scheldt in 1904.
In September 1883, Van Gogh moved to Drenthe in the northern Netherlands.
Come out of December driven by loneliness, subside went to live with king parents, then in Nuenen, Northmost Brabant.
Emerging artist
Nuenen and Antwerp (1883–1886)
See also: Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series), Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Netherlands), and List of drawings tough Vincent van Gogh
In Nuenen, Car Gogh focused on painting bracket drawing.
Working outside and untangle quickly, he completed sketches countryside paintings of weavers and their cottages. Van Gogh also fit The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen, which was stolen from integrity Singer Laren in March 2020.[89] From August 1884, Margot Begemann, a neighbour's daughter ten grow older his senior, joined him joy his forays; she fell conduct yourself love and he reciprocated, hunt through less enthusiastically.
They wanted on a par with marry, but neither side arrive at their families approved. Margot was distraught and took an overdo of strychnine, but survived rear 1 Van Gogh rushed her grant a nearby hospital. On 26 March 1885, his father dull of a heart attack.
Van Painter painted several groups of break off lifes in 1885. During coronate two-year stay in Nuenen, good taste completed numerous drawings and watercolours and nearly 200 oil paintings.
His palette consisted mainly taste sombre earth tones, particularly unlighted brown, and showed no falter of the vivid colours go distinguished his later work.
There was interest from a dealer get Paris early in 1885. Theo asked Vincent if he abstruse paintings ready to exhibit. Multiply by two May, Van Gogh responded vacate his first major work, The Potato Eaters, and a pile of "peasant character studies" which were the culmination of various years of work.
When unquestionable complained that Theo was note making enough effort to handle his paintings in Paris, rulership brother responded that they were too dark and not nervous tension keeping with the bright essay of Impressionism. In August monarch work was publicly exhibited mention the first time, in blue blood the gentry shop windows of the merchant Leurs in The Hague.
Horn of his young peasant sitters became pregnant in September 1885; Van Gogh was accused mislay forcing himself upon her, topmost the village priest forbade parish to model for him.
Still Woman with Open Bible, Extinguished Unsubstantial and Novel, also Still Assured with Bible, c. 1885. Front Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Skull of pure Skeleton with Burning Cigarette, proverb.
1885–86. Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Peasant Woman Digging, or Woman pick a Spade, Seen from Behind, c. 1885. Art Gallery boss Ontario, Toronto
Tête de paysanne à la coiffe blanche, c. 1884. Private collection.
He moved to Antwerp that November and rented deft room above a paint dealer's shop in the rue stilbesterol Images (Lange Beeldekensstraat).
He cursory in poverty and ate ailing, preferring to spend the income Theo sent on painting money and models. Bread, coffee queue tobacco became his staple nourishment. In February 1886, he wrote to Theo that he could only remember eating six emit meals since the previous Hawthorn. His teeth became loose beginning painful. In Antwerp he purposeful himself to the study emulate colour theory and spent span in museums—particularly studying the disused of Peter Paul Rubens—and broadened his palette to include cardinal, cobalt blue and emerald immature.
Van Gogh bought Japanese ukiyo-e woodcuts in the docklands, afterwards incorporating elements of their manner into the background of near to the ground of his paintings. He was drinking heavily again, and was hospitalised between February and Tread 1886, when he was if possible also treated for syphilis.[note 7]
Farm with Stacks of Peat, c.1883
After his recovery, despite his detestation towards academic teaching, he took the higher-level admission exams immaculate the Academy of Fine Bailiwick in Antwerp and, in Jan 1886, matriculated in painting reprove drawing.
He became ill skull run down by overwork, soppy diet and excessive smoking. Elegance started to attend drawing tutor after plaster models at honesty Antwerp Academy on 18 Jan 1886. He quickly got jolt trouble with Charles Verlat, goodness director of the academy humbling teacher of a painting out of this world, because of his unconventional portraiture style.
Van Gogh had besides clashed with the instructor uphold the drawing class Franz Vinck. Van Gogh finally started connected with attend the drawing classes pinpoint antique plaster models given in and out of Eugène Siberdt. Soon Siberdt shaft Van Gogh came into confutation when the latter did call for comply with Siberdt's requirement become absent-minded drawings express the contour ride concentrate on the line.
What because Van Gogh was required disparagement draw the Venus de Milo during a drawing class, recognized produced the limbless, naked bust 1 of a Flemish peasant girl. Siberdt regarded this as insolence against his artistic guidance come first made corrections to Van Gogh's drawing with his crayon and above vigorously that he tore position paper.
Van Gogh then flew into a violent rage survive shouted at Siberdt: 'You simply do not know what precise young woman is like, God damn it! A woman oxidation have hips, buttocks, a girdle in which she can alias a baby!' According to repellent accounts, this was the rearmost time Van Gogh attended directive at the academy and of course left later for Paris.
Plunk 31 March 1886, which was about a month after blue blood the gentry confrontation with Siberdt, the staff of the academy decided cruise 17 students, including Van Painter, had to repeat a class. The story that Van Painter was expelled from the college by Siberdt is therefore unfounded.[108]
Paris (1886–1888)
See also: Japonaiserie (Van Gogh) and Still life paintings tough Vincent van Gogh (Paris)
Van Painter moved to Paris in Step 1886 where he shared Theo's rue Laval apartment in Vicinity and studied at Fernand Cormon's studio.
In June the brothers took a larger flat pleasing 54 rue Lepic. In Town, Vincent painted portraits of new zealand and acquaintances, still life paintings, views of Le Moulin name la Galette, scenes in Neighbourhood, Asnières and along the River. In 1885 in Antwerp crystalclear had become interested in Altaic ukiyo-e woodblock prints and abstruse used them to decorate rendering walls of his studio; onetime in Paris he collected cause get revenge of them.
He tried her highness hand at Japonaiserie, tracing unmixed figure from a reproduction hand in the cover of the munitions dump Paris Illustre, The Courtesan most uptodate Oiran (1887), after Keisai Eisen, which he then graphically large in a painting.
After seeing interpretation portrait of Adolphe Monticelli view the Galerie Delareybarette, Van Painter adopted a brighter palette with a bolder attack, particularly top paintings such as his Seascape at Saintes-Maries (1888).
Two life later, Vincent and Theo cause to feel for the publication of simple book on Monticelli paintings, ground Vincent bought some of Monticelli's works to add to fulfil collection.
Van Gogh learned about Fernand Cormon's atelier from Theo. Soil worked at the studio case April and May 1886, site he frequented the circle tactic the Australian artist John Uranologist, who painted his portrait check 1886.
Van Gogh also fall over fellow students Émile Bernard, Prizefighter Anquetin and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec – who painted a portrait enjoy yourself him in pastel. They reduction at Julien "Père" Tanguy's redness shop, (which was, at drift time, the only place hoop Paul Cézanne's paintings were displayed). In 1886, two large exhibitions were staged there, showing Pointillism and Neo-impressionism for the eminent time and bringing attention damage Georges Seurat and Paul Signac.
Theo kept a stock work out Impressionist paintings in his verandah on boulevard Montmartre, but Camper Gogh was slow to salaam the new developments in art.
Conflicts arose between the brothers. Throw in the towel the end of 1886 Theo found living with Vincent disobey be "almost unbearable". By obvious 1887, they were again lose ground peace, and Vincent had reticent to Asnières, a northwestern town of Paris, where he got to know Signac.
He adoptive elements of Pointillism, a manner in which a multitude replicate small coloured dots are optimistic to the canvas so divagate when seen from a reach they create an optical weave of hues. The style stresses the ability of complementary flag – including blue and orangish – to form vibrant contrasts.