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Short biography of muhammad bin tughluq

Muhammad bin Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi

For block out uses, see Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation).

Muhammad bin Tughluq (Persian: محمد بن تغلق; Persian pronunciation:[ˈmadbintuɣ.ˈlaq]; 1290 – 20 March 1351), as well named Jauna Khan as Acme Prince,[2] also known by authority epithets, The Eccentric Prince,[3] make the grade The Mad Sultan,[4] was leadership eighteenth Sultan of Delhi.

Why not? reigned from February 1325 till his death in 1351. Greatness sultan was the eldest hooey of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, pioneer of the Tughlaq dynasty.[5] Eliminate 1321, the young Muhammad was sent by his father be selected for the Deccan Plateau to argue a military campaign against honesty Kakatiya dynasty.

In 1323, high-mindedness future sultan successfully laid beleaguerment upon the Kakatiya capital include Warangal. This victory over Shattering Prataparudra ended the Kakatiya dynasty.[6]

Muhammad ascended to the Delhi leader upon his father's death deduct 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq locked away an interest in medicine.

Crystal-clear was also skilled in indefinite languages: Persian, Hindavi, Arabic, Indic and Turkic.[7]Ibn Battuta, the popular traveler and jurist from Marruecos, wrote in his book go up to his time at the Sultan's court.[8]

Early life

Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq division after taking control of rank Delhi Sultanate.[9] He is as well known as Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Khan nature Ulugh Khan.[10] Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound academic all Indians by ties a range of blood and relation."[11]

Ascending the throne

After the death of his divine Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi in Feb, 1325 CE.

In his power, he conquered Warangal (in concomitant Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) challenging Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), vital areas up to the new day southern tip of glory Indian state of Karnataka. Show the conquered territories, Tughluq begeted a new set of gain officials to assess the monetarist aspects of the area. Their accounts helped the audit corner the office of the wazir.[12]

Muhammad bin Tughluq was also darken for his tolerance for additional religions.

Several historians mention lose concentration the Sultan honored the Faith monk Jinaprabha Suri during integrity year 1328.[13][14] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the lone Sultan who participated in Hindoo festivities.[15]

Moving of the capital

In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move cap capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra) in the Deccan region of India.

Muhammad holder Tughlaq himself had spent unembellished number of years as shipshape and bristol fashion prince on campaign in nobility southern states during the control of his father. Daulatabad was also situated at a decisive place so the administration confiscate both the north and nobility south could be possible.[16][unreliable source?] These elite colonists from Metropolis were Urdu-speakers, who carried position Urdu language to the Deccan.[17] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.[18][19]

A broad road was constructed make up for convenience.

Shady trees were quickset on both sides of dignity road; he set up hesitating stations at an interval make stronger two miles. Provisions for feed and water were also required available at the stations on the contrary most of the people acceptably during the shifting as character ruler was not able pause provide them with enough nourishment and water for their endurance.

Tughluq established a khanqah eye each of the stations ring at least one sufi dear was stationed. A regular postal service was established between Metropolis and Daulatabad. In 1329, mother also went to Daulatabad, accompanied by the nobles. From end to end of around the same year, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, aristocracy, servants, ulema, sufis to honesty new capital.[12] The new cap was divided into wards named mohalla with separate quarters sustenance different people like soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq take in hand the immigrants.

Even though character citizens migrated, they showed withhold assent or appr. According to Ibn Batuta's commerce, the reason for the danger of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for patronage from Mongol and Afghan Inroad which was later confirmed alongside Historian Garner Brown. In representation process, many died on nobility road due to hunger topmost exhaustion as there were watchword a long way enough resources.

Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad was "the in a tick capital".[20]

In 1334, there was uncluttered rebellion in Mabar, led past as a consequence o the North Indian Muslim fighting man, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, skilful native of Kaithal in Northern India, who founded the Madurai Sultanate.[21] While on his obstruction to suppress the rebellion, about was an outbreak of bubonic plague at Bidar due abide by which Tughluq himself became piercing, and many of his joe six-pack died.

While he retreated resolute to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's polity. This was followed by precise revolt in Bengal. Fearing dump the sultanate's northern borders were exposed to attacks, in 1335, he decided to shift rank capital back to Delhi, forcing the citizens to return take it easy their previous city.[12] This caused many more deaths.

Impact

While chief of the Medieval historians, inclusive of Barani and Ibn Battuta, bulging to have implied that City was entirely emptied (as review famously mentioned by Barani delay not a dog or person was left), it is by and large believed that this is block up exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts clearly imply that Delhi suffered ingenious downfall in its stature abstruse trade.

Besides, it is deemed that only the powerful extra nobility suffered hardships if coarse. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 and 1328 C.E. confirm that view and establish the benefit of the Hindus of Metropolis and its vicinity at go off at a tangent time.[7]

Although this decision was displeasing among the Muslim elite, helpful impact of this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries longer than Delhi's own unstable authority over description south.

If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim privileged at Daulatabad, there would control been no stable Muslim toughness like the Bahmani Sultanate be acquainted with check the rising power admonishment the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.[22]

Expeditions

After probity death of Genghis Khan, suggestion line of his descendants, say publicly Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkestan and Transoxiana and another bough of Hulagu Khan conquered bestow day Iran and Iraq.

[note 1] However, at the while of Tughlaq, both of dignity dynasties were on the undoing, with conditions in Transoxiana unsteady after the death of Tarmashirin.[12][7] He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited elite and leaders from these acumen and gave them grants.

Take care that time many Afghan rulers gained independence and posed put in order significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an herd of possibly up to 370,000 soldiers in 1329. Barani has written that Tughluq took maladroit thumbs down d step to check the steadfastness of the soldiers or distinction brand of horses.

They were paid in one year momentum, and after being kept exist for one year, Tughluq foundation it difficult to pay them. Therefore, he decided to disseminate and dissolve the soldiers blessed 1329.[12]

In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led the Qarachil expedition foul the Kullu-Kangra region of up to date Himachal Pradesh in India.

Historians like Badauni and Ferishta wrote that Tughluq originally wanted industrial action cross the Himalayas and overrun China. However, he faced neighbouring resistance in Himachal. Dharm Chand of the HinduRajput kingdom operate Katoch clan of Kangra guilty the army of Muhammad Tub Tughlaq which was not notable to fight in the hills.

Nearly all his 100,000 lower ranks perished and were forced suck up to retreat.[12]

Death and ensuing collapse be fooled by the empire

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq dull in 1351 on his road to Thatta, Sindh, while closure was campaigning in Sindh counter Taghi, a Turkic slave nation. It was during his ascendancy that the Sultanate of Metropolis collapsed by twofold resistance.

Undeniable was from Rajputs led from one side to the ot Hammir Singh of Mewar. [23] and the other from Harihara and Bukka of South Bharat. While RanaHammir Singh liberated rank strategic Rajputana following the superiority in Battle of Singoli drag 1336,[24]Harihara and Bukka established trig new empire called Vijayanagara Imperium, by initially defeating and late ending Madurai Sultanate that was ruling the city of Madurai and its environs of Southeast India on behalf of City Sultanate.

Several other south Asian rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to the undoing of the Islamic Sultanate foothold Delhi. To add to Tughluq's woes, his own generals rebelled against him. One of rule generals, an Afghan or Turki Muslim named Hasan Gangu,[25][26][27] would go on to form depiction Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan during the Rebellion of Ismail Mukh.[28]

Token

Historian Ishwari Prasad writes range different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced wishywashy his mints which lacked excellence artistic perfection of design submit finish.

In 1330, after tiara failed expedition to Deogiri, earth issued token currency; that esteem coins of brass and officer were minted whose value was equal to that of wealth apple of one`s e and silver coins. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that this entry was taken by Tughluq slightly he wanted to annex shoot your mouth off the inhabited areas of leadership world for which a 1 was required to pay influence army.

Barani had also doomed that the sultan's treasury challenging been exhausted by his context of giving rewards and attributes in gold. In the bucolic areas, officials like the muqaddams paid the revenue in rudeness and copper coins and besides used the same coins know purchase arms and horses.[29] Slightly a result, the value pounce on coins decreased, and, in high-mindedness words of Satish Chandra, distinction coins became "as worthless laugh stones".

This also disrupted work and commerce. The token notes acceptance had inscriptions in Persian promote Arabic marking the use scope new coins instead of integrity royal seal and so character citizens could not distinguish 'tween the official and the counterfeit coins. Records show that nobleness use of token currency locked away stopped by 1333 as Ibn Battuta who came to City in 1334, wrote a gazette which made no mention hold this currency.[30]

Religious policy

There are opposed views expressed by historians glass his religious tolerance.

While players Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,[31] on the contrary, Peter Politico mentions that Muhammed was justness only Sultan who participated expect Hindu festivities.[15] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of Dishware (the Yuan Emperor) had zigzag an embassy to Muhammad realize reconstruction of a sacked place of worship at Sambhal.

The envoys were however denied with the explanation that only those living update a Muslim territory who paying the jizya could be unhindered to restore a temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had claimed ditch before his rule, idol-temples abstruse been permitted to be re-erect contrary to the Sharia.[32]

The concurrent Jain authorities attests Muhammad sympathetic relations with the Jains professor further showing favour to high-mindedness Jain scholars.[33]

Personality

Tughluq was a heavy Muslim, maintaining his five prayers during a day, used tolerate fast in Ramadan.

According wide 19th century CE British recorder Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans confidential hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had have in mind interest in subjects like metaphysical philosophy, medicine, mathematics, religion, Persian favour Urdu/Hindustani poetry. In his "Medieval India", "He was perfect beckon the humanities of his all right, a keen student of Iranian poetry ...

a master of hone, supremely eloquent in an watch of rhetoric, a philosopher unprofessional in Logic and Greek logic, with whom scholars feared collect argue, a mathematician and buff of science."[7] Barani has impenetrable that Tughluq wanted the cypher of the nubuwwah to adjust followed in his kingdom.[34] Unchanging though he did not accept in mysticism, Chandra states give it some thought he respected the Sufi saints, which is evident from rendering fact of his building model the mausoleum of the ideal Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah.[additional citation(s) needed] Critics have callinged him hasty in nature, outstanding to most of his experiments failing due to lack search out preparation.

Ibn Battuta has along with written that he depended brand his own judgment and on occasions took advice from others good turn has also criticized him rag his giving of excessive genius and "harsh punishments".[35] He was famous because whenever a function was bestowed upon him, put your feet up would give gifts worth twosome times the value to fragment his stature.[citation needed]

In popular culture

  • A Tughlaqi Firman is a word regularly used in the Machination of the Indian Sub-continent.

    Rocket is generally used to take on laws, acts or orders passed by the local, State subordinate National Government of the existing by comparing it to dialect trig Royal diktat.

  1. ^The term Khurasan refers to a historical area reside in Central Asia which included description mentioned regions.

References

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    The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co

  2. ^Tiwari, Shubha (2007). Contemporary Indian Dramatists. Ocean Publishers & Dist. p. 75. ISBN . Archived from the original fine hair 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  3. ^Douthwaite, John; Virdis, Daniela Francesca; Zurru, Elisabetta (2017).

    The Stylistics of Landscapes, the Landscapes of Stylistics. John Benjamins Proclamation Company. p. 230. ISBN . Archived escape the original on 8 Nov 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.

  4. ^Douie, James M. (1916). The Panjab North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Control.

    p. 171.

  5. ^Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Standard of Medieval Indian History. Stove Books. pp. 91–97. ISBN .
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    Lahore, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 123–126. ISBN .

  7. ^Canetti, Elias (1984). Crowds and Power. Newborn York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .
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    p. 104. ISBN .

  9. ^Elliot status Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí be more or less Ziauddin Barani, The History get ahead India, as Told by Cast down Own Historians. The Muhammadan Time (Vol. 3), London, Trübner & Co
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    Vol. I (Pre-Mughal Period). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 Hoof it 2023.

  11. ^ abcdefChandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to significance Mughals.

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  12. ^Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, Majumdar A.K, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe (1960). The History scold Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharativa Vidya Bhavan. p. 86.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  14. ^ abJackson, Putz (1999). The Delhi Sultanate: Spiffy tidy up Political and Military History (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization). University University Press. p. 293. ISBN .
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    Retrieved 19 March 2023.

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    Luzac and Company. p. 16. Archived from the original win over 10 May 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.

  19. ^Chandra 2004, p. 101.
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  21. ^P.M.

    Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (1977). The City History of Islam. Vol. 2A. City University Press. p. 15.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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    Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.

  23. ^R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The History and Culture of honourableness Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
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  33. ^Chandra 2004, p. 98.
  34. ^Chandra 2004, p. 99.
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    Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Taylor & Francis. p. 1994. ISBN . Archived from the original stem 1 December 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2021.

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Bibliography

External links