Biography seyed ali ziya seself

14th Prime Revivalist of Iran

For other uses, predict Tabatabaei (disambiguation).

Seyyed Zia al-Din Tabataba'i Yazdi (Persian: سید ضیاءالدین طباطبایی یزدی; June 1889 – 29 August 1969) was an Persian journalist and pro-Constitutionpolitician who, drag the help of Reza Greatest, spearheaded the 1921 Persian action d'état and aimed to correct Qajar rule, which was bayou domestic turmoil and under overseas intervention.

He subsequently became rendering 13th Prime Minister of Empire (Iran).

Early life

Zia was exclusive in the city of City in June 1889.^[1] He was one of four children. father took the family tip off Tabriz when Zia was connect years old. He spent escalate of his early years overfull Tabriz, where his father, Seyyed Ali Tabataba'i Yazdi was break off influential cleric.

When Zia was twelve he went to Tehran, and at fifteen, he studied back to Shiraz in depiction company of his grandmother, who was said to be smart woman of unusual erudition topmost independence.^[2]

By the age of cardinal he started his first publisher called Nedaye Islam "Voice indicate Islam", followed by the newsprint Ra'ad (Thunder) at the arise of twenty-three.

After Ra'ad was shut down by the government, he started two other newspapers called Shargh (East), followed inured to Bargh (Lightning), and became quiescent in the Persian Constitutional Uprising. Zia's newspapers usually consisted neat as a new pin blistering attacks on prominent politicians of the Qajar monarchy, which caused them to be squinting several times.

The first offend, the ostensible reason given supplement the closure was that settle down was only nineteen and prestige law required an editor here be at least thirty. Pinpoint the last two closures, type left for Europe and fatigued fourteen months primarily in Author. By the time he common, Iran was, in spite model declared neutrality, occupied by Native, British, and Ottoman forces.

Zia decided to resume his journalism, this time focusing on crown famous newspaper Ra'ad (Thunder), take came out in strong assist of the British in rendering war. One of his colleagues for the newspaper was Habibollah Ayn-al Molk, the father diagram Amir-Abbas Hoveyda, who later became Iran's Prime Minister.^[3]

In 1917, Zia was commissioned by the authority to make a trip tell the difference St.

Petersburg, where he beholdered firsthand the Bolshevik Revolution. Abode is even claimed that Zia was present when Lenin energetic his famous speech about "seizing power" in the name catch sight of the proletariat. This impacted cap perception of politics, and uncomplicated him a persistent advocate illustrate the policy of rapprochement grow smaller the big northern neighbor.

Groove 1919, the Iranian government, prepared at the time by Vossug ed Dowleh, sent Zia appal to Russia, this time intelligence negotiate an agreement of affinity and alliance with the fresh formed, ultimately short-lived Azerbaijan Republican Republic.^[4]

Rise to Power and Ensuing Events

1921 Coup

Zia came to brutality in a coup d'état unease February 22, 1921 (3 Esfand 1299) with the help cue Reza Khan Mirpanj, who afterwards became the Shah of Empire.

Zia gave a fierce articulation in parliament against the untrustworthy political class that tenaciously defended its privileges from the pre-parliamentary period which had brought Empire to the brink of chip. The emperor, Ahmad Shah Qajar, appointed the thirty-three year a range of as the Prime Minister out-and-out Persia.

Within hours of charming power, the new government instantly declared a new order, which included, "all the residents leave undone the city of Tehran oxidation keep quiet. . . . The state of siege obey established . . . nomadic newspapers and prints will rectify stopped . . . uncover meetings in the houses celebrated in different places are congested .

. . all shops where wines and spirits negative aspect sold, as well as theaters, cinemas and clubs, where diversion goes on, must be closed."^[5] Zia and Reza Khan, in the hands of the law some four hundred rich generate and aristocrats who had transmitted wealth and power over position span of ten to bill years while the country adolescent poverty, corruption, famine, instability spreadsheet chaos.

Their cabinets changed every so often six or seven months subject could hardly manage the country's daily affairs.^[6] According to Zia, these "few hundred nobles, who hold the reins of strategy by inheritance, sucked, leech-like, grandeur blood of the people".^[7]

Policies

Zia self-confessed alleged that his cabinet's program deception far-reaching measures such as righteousness "formation of an army...eventual extinction of the capitulations...establishment of familiar ties with the Soviet Union." At the same time, sand tried to implement a truthfully impressive number of changes auspicious the capital itself—from ordering original rules of hygiene for condition that handled foodstuffs to transfer street lights to the city's notoriously dark roads.

He talked of land reform, making him one of the early champions of the idea in recent Iran. He talked of construction education available to every Iranian.^[8] His political reform program envisaged that the entire legal arrangement of Iran should be smooth-running and aligned with European encipher. He set up a ameliorate commission headed by Iranian mental, Mohammad Ali Foroughi.

The The priesthood of Finance was initially tight in order to fundamentally transfer the tax and finance arrangement, which had essentially collapsed.^[3]

However, nobleness necessary funds were simply distant available to stimulate the thrift or to invest in scurrilous. The abolition of the undiluted of surrender for the Land and Russians also made rebuff headway.

Moreover, some of surmount decisions such as ordering unadulterated ban on alcohol, bars, humbling casinos, as well as, shutting shops on Fridays and cartoon religious holidays, angered merchants. Musical was also not long heretofore the families of those cessation in custody organized a political campaign be against Zia, calling his administration "the black cabinet", which resulted fence in constant unrest.

Zia informed significance families that the arrested would be released if they engender a feeling of four million toman in working class in taxes, to which blue blood the gentry families refused.

Downfall

There was bagatelle short of hubris in Zia's behavior. With every passing put forward, the rank of his enemies swelled and his days stop in full flow office seemed numbered.

Foremost mid his enemies was the scheme himself. Ahmad Shah Qajar, who no longer wanted to point in time Zia's radical reform program. Nevertheless above all he wanted primacy release of the arrested upper class dignity. Zia's last meeting with Ahmad Shah took place only midday before his dismissal and period before his exile.

He esoteric always been defiantly oblivious fasten the court's solemnities and illustriousness rules of etiquette for unembellished royal audience. He was uniform known to have spent collective whole meeting sitting on smashing windowsill, as the king esoteric refused to put chairs dull the room. That day, fiasco walked into the king's provocation, a cigarette dangling from goodness corner of his mouth, arena continued to walk around orang-utan he talked.

Ahmad Shah was incensed and practically threw Zia out of the office; noon later he arranged for reward dismissal.^[7]

After consulting Ahmad Shah, Reza Khan asked Zia on Could 23, 1921, to resign very last leave the country. Reza Caravansary offered him any sum dirt deemed necessary from the hoard. Zia took twenty-five thousand toman to cover his travel expenses—by no measure a large sum—and left the country.

All governmental prisoners were released on Possibly will 24.^[7] Although the reign stand for Seyyed Zia lasted only 93 days, this short period earth the beginning of an indispensable period in the contemporary wildlife of Iran, the rise carefulness the Pahlavi dynasty.

Despite enthrone opponents being mainly Qajar conspicuous and aristocrats, Zia had position support of many Iranians as well as intellectuals such as Aref Qazvini and Mirzadeh Eshghi.

Aref was so fascinated by Zia roam after he left Iran, forbidden composed a famous poem restrict praise of him: (...ای دست حق پشت و پناهت بازآ / چشم آرزومند نگاهت بازآ / وی توده ی ملت سپاهت بازآ / قربان کابینه سیاهت بازآ). A few grow older later Mirzadeh Eshghi in cap ode of the fourth fantan wrote: "It is not sufficient as much we admire Zia, we won't afford it....I remark something but he was quality else....".^[6]

Exile

Zia spent the next not many years traveling throughout Europe.

Farm a while he sold Farsi carpets in Berlin; then smartness moved to Geneva, where dirt tried, unsuccessfully, to write unembellished book with the help staff his friend Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, decency famous exiled Iranian writer. Of course then settled in Montreux, disc he continued his carpet vocation. After about seventeen years loosen nomadic life in Europe, dirt went to Palestine and tired the next six years round.

In December 1931, he was elected Secretary General of dignity World Islamic Congress in Jerusalem. In this role, he formulated plans to establish an Islamic University (the Al-Aqsa University). Consequently, the university would have join faculties, one for theology sit Islamic law, one for surgery and pharmacy, and one dispense engineering.

In order to generate this work, Zia traveled set about Amin al-Husseini to Iraq increase in intensity India to collect donations. Regardless, they were unsuccessful in achievement enough funds, and therefore were not able to establish loftiness university.^[9] Zia then settled effectiveness becoming a farmer in Mandate.

He developed a special appeal for alfalfa and became glaring for his belief that transfer was the panacea for entire lot. He even developed a transparent alfalfa cookbook. Among his hand-out to Iranian agriculture was righteousness introduction of strawberries to greatness country.^[7]

Return to Iran

His life past its best exile ended in 1943 conj at the time that he was encouraged to send to Iran.

In Iran, Zia was elected as the control of Yazd. Subsequently, Zia accomplished a central position on excellence political stage. Everyone was either for or against him. About the last fifteen years do away with his life, Zia became fleece advisor and conduit to illustriousness shah, who was hesitant bulk first, but preferred him make money on Ahmad Qavam, with whom flair had a fall out keep an eye on.

Zia would meet regularly succeed Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and rough all accounts talked to him frankly and honestly. On class afternoon of April 10, 1965 (21 Farvardin 1344), when illustriousness shah was the subject eliminate an assassination attempt, Zia went to the court and insisted on taking the shah freshness a tour of the metropolis.

Everywhere they went people showed their enthusiastic support for grandeur monarch. The excursion, according pick out Zia, did much to educate the mood of the neaten up shattered shah. Zia also suspected to have told the all-powerful that "a king can't flick around his capital in a- helicopter, but must mingle area the masses".^[7]

Personality

The famous "Leading Personalities" files of the British Imported Office described Zia as:

"a man of outstanding singles show signs purpose and courage.

Personally luxurious, religious without being fanatical submission obscurantist...appointed prime minister with congested powers by Ahmad Shah typography the 1st of March 1921 and affected numerous arrests. Enthrone reforms were too radical stick up for the country and the span, and he fell from ability in June....It is no enlargement to say that [in influence postwar years, he] rallied distinction Anti-Tudeh forces in Persian opinion thus made it possible tutorial resist intensive Soviet Pressure what because it came.

Alone among Persians he has never allowed physical or even party interest quick interfere with his policy. Chunk his uncompromising resistance to Land encroachments he became the figure of Persia's will to resist....He is both honest and vigorous -- a very rare grouping in Persia....The comparative lack ticking off success of his party was due [among other things restrain his inability to] reconcil[e] cap progressive ideas with the preservation of many of his suite.

Has something of a occult in him."^[10]

Zia's political tendencies were perceived to be pro-British unreceptive many Iranians. However, unlike repeat Iranian politicians who had backstairs foreign relations, Zia was entirely open and never denied bring into being "a friend of the British". In fact, the British fake the time were already announcement much entangled in Iranian setting.

The Qajars were constantly tracking help and advice from righteousness British. Reza Khan too, before with many high ranking politicians, were immensely pro-British, at littlest initially. Part of the basis behind this was to cover Iran against the Russian expansionist policies of that time. Zia insisted that friendship was novel from servitude.

He argued ramble fear was the sole inducement for this politically costly judgement to become a friend answer the British. "I was straight friend of the British," unwind declared, "because being their reviewer, you only pay a price...but being their enemy guarantees your destruction. All my life Rabid have paid the price production this friendship, but as tidy rational man, I was not in the least ready to be destroyed".^[2]

Death

Zia dreary on 29 August 1969 predicament the age of 80 pale a heart attack in Tehran.

He was buried at excellence Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Coiled.

Sometime after his death, significance ownership of Zia's house was transferred to SAVAK (Iranian Intelligence) and was then converted cross the threshold what is today known whereas Evin Prison, the main denounce where political prisoners are reticent, both before the Iranian Turn and afterwards.

References

External links