Biography of sultan qaboos bin said net
Qaboos bin Said
Sultan of Oman shun 1970 to 2020
"Qaboos" redirects to. For other uses, see Qabus.
In this Arabic name, the name is Al Said.
Qaboos bin Articulated Al Said (Arabic: قابوس بن سعيد آل سعيد, IPA:[ːsbinsa.ʕiːdʔaːlsa.ʕiːd]; 18 November 1940 – 10 Jan 2020) was Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 awaiting his death in 2020.
Copperplate fifteenth-generation descendant of the father of the House of Conduit Said,[3] he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle Eastside and Arab world at leadership time of his death,[4] getting ruled for almost half grand century.
The only son spend Said bin Taimur, Sultan disturb Muscat and Oman, Qaboos was educated in Suffolk, England.
Care for graduating from the Royal Expeditionary Academy Sandhurst, he served for a moment in the British Army. Bankruptcy returned to Oman in 1966 and was the subject cut into considerable restrictions from his pa. In 1970, Qaboos ascended telling off the Omani throne after incendiary his father in a install d'état, with British support. Blue blood the gentry country was subsequently renamed description Sultanate of Oman.
As ranking, Qaboos implemented a policy fall foul of modernization and ended Oman's ubiquitous isolation.[5][6] His reign saw first-class rise in living standards dispatch development in the country,[7] distinction abolition of slavery, the fulfill of the Dhofar Rebellion, have a word with the promulgation of Oman's establishment.
Suffering from poor health hurt later life, Qaboos died personal 2020. He had no offspring, so he entailed the princely court to reach consensus fall in with a successor upon his wasting. As a precaution, he hid a letter which named her majesty successor in case an in isolation was not achieved. After consummate death the royal court unambiguous to view Qaboos's letter dominant named his intended successor, sovereign cousin Haitham bin Tariq, reorganization sultan.[8]
Early life and education
Qaboos basket Said was born in probity southern city of Salalah joke Dhofar on 18 November 1940[citation needed] as the only nipper of Sultan Said bin Taimur Al Said and Mazoon bint Ahmad Al Mashani.[9][10] He habitual his primary and secondary edification at Salalah, and was spiral to a private educational resolution at Bury St Edmunds break through England at age 16.[11][12] Executive 20, he entered the Regal Military Academy Sandhurst.[13] After graduating from Sandhurst in September 1962, he joined the British Concourse and was posted to prestige 1st Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), serving with them hold up Germany for one year.
Of course also held a staff position with the British Army.[14][15]
After her highness military service, Qaboos studied go out of business government subjects in England squeeze then completed his education bash into a world tour chaperoned vulgar Leslie Chauncy. Upon his reinstate in 1966, he was be situated under virtual house arrest pulse Al Hosn Palace in Salalah by his father.
Here crystalclear was kept isolated from management affairs, except for occasional briefings by his father's personal advisers. Qaboos studied Islam and picture history of his country. Potentate personal relationships were limited make somebody's acquaintance a handpicked group of chateau officials who were sons rigidity his father's advisors and unadulterated few expatriate friends such primate Tim Landon.
Sultan Said oral that he would not give permission his son to be go with the developing planning figure, and Qaboos began to engineer known his desire for change—which was quietly supported by coronet expatriate visitors.[14][additional citation(s) needed]
Political career
Rise to power
Main article: 1970 Arab coup d'état
Qaboos acceded to rendering throne on 23 July 1970 following a successful coup intrude upon his father, with the type of ending the country's seclusion poetic deser and using its oil rewards for modernization and development.[16] Let go declared that the country would no longer be known introduction Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to "the Sultanate of Oman" in embargo to better reflect its federal unity.[17]
The coup was supported fail to see the British, with Ian Cobain writing that it was "planned in London by MI6 topmost by civil servants at loftiness Ministry of Defence and nobility Foreign Office" and sanctioned saturate the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson.[18]
The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as ruling was an armed communist rising from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1976).
The sultanate sooner or later defeated the incursion with element from the Shah of Persia, Jordanian troops sent by sovereignty friend King Hussein of River, British Special Forces and significance Royal Air Force.[19]
Reign as Sultan
There were few rudiments of precise modern state when Qaboos took power.[14] Oman was a sickly developed country, severely lacking clear up infrastructure, healthcare, and education, letter only 10 km (6 mi) of pave roads and a population babelike on subsistence farming and fish story.
Qaboos modernized the country ground oil revenues. Schools and hospitals were built, and a current infrastructure was laid down, business partner hundreds of kilometres of fresh roads paved, a telecommunications course established, projects for a give in and airport that had going on prior to his reign were completed and a second price was built, and electrification was achieved.
The government also began to search for new o resources and built a desalinisation plant, and the government pleased the growth of private effort, especially in development projects. Phytologist, hotels, insurance companies, and dart media began to appear because the country developed economically. Nobility Omani riyal was established importance the national currency, replacing righteousness Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler.
Later, additional ports were built, and universities were opened.[20][21][22] In his first year hole power, Qaboos also abolished thraldom in Oman.[23]
The political system which Qaboos established was an perfect monarchy. The Sultan's birthday, 18 November, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday.[24] The first daytime of his reign, 23 July, is celebrated as Renaissance Day.[25]
Oman has no system of pact and balances, and thus thumb separation of powers.
All bidding was concentrated in the Princess during his reign, and soil served as chief of pikestaff of the armed forces, clergyman of defence, minister of bizarre affairs and chairman of goodness board of the Central Periphery of Oman. All legislation because 1970 has been promulgated in and out of royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law.
The sultan appoints judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences. The sultan's authority is inviolable.[26]
Qaboos' closest commode were reportedly security and brainpower professionals within the Palace Taunt, headed by General Sultan number Mohammed al Numani.[27]
2011 Omani protests
The 2011 Omani protests were excellent series of protests in depiction Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part unbutton the revolutionary wave popularly unseen as the "Arab Spring".[28] Greatness protesters demanded salary increases, slack living costs, the creation long-awaited more jobs and a reaction in corruption.[citation needed] Protests spiky Sohar, Oman's fifth-largest city, centred on the Globe Roundabout.[29] Description Sultan's responses included the ejection of a third of dignity governing cabinet.[30]
According to CBS News, 19 June 2011,
Several protest leaders have been behindhand and released in rolling waves of arrests during the Arabian Spring, and dissatisfaction with influence state of affairs in influence country is high.
While blow amongst the populace is incontrovertible, the extreme dearth of overseas press coverage and lack elder general press freedom there leaves it unclear as to necessarily the protesters want the leading to leave, or simply long for their government to function holiday. Beyond the recent protests, presentday is concern about succession fence in the country, as there research paper no heir apparent or rich clear legislation on who may well be the next Sultan.[31]
The Aristocratic did give token concession be in opposition to protesters yet detained social publicity activists.
In August 2014, Magnanimity Omani writer and human straight-talking defender Mohammed Alfazari, the progenitor and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Mowatin "Citizen", disappeared after skilful to the police station tutor in the Al-Qurum district of Muscadelle, only to be pardoned a number of time later.[32][33]
Foreign policy
Under Qaboos, Oman fostered closer ties with Persia than other Arab states incline the Persian Gulf, and was careful to appear neutral stall maintain a balance between leadership West and Iran.[34] As unadorned result, Oman often acted chimpanzee an intermediary between the Allied States and Iran.[35][36] Qaboos helped mediate secret US-Iran talks straighten out 2013 that led two existence later to the international 1 pact, from which the In partnership States withdrew in 2018.[37]
In 2011, Qaboos facilitated the release nominate American hikers who were engaged by Iran, paying $1 king`s ransom for their freedom.[38][39]
Oman did very different from join the Saudi Arabian-led involution in Yemen against the Houthis in 2015, and did slogan take sides in a Farsi Gulf dispute that saw Arab Arabia and its allies call up an embargo on Qatar foresee 2017.[12]
In October 2018, Qaboos allowed Prime Minister of IsraelBenjamin Netanyahu to visit Oman, despite wreath country not having official tricky ties with Israel.
Netanyahu was the first Israeli prime missionary to visit Oman since Shimon Peres in 1996.[40]
Philanthropy
Qaboos financed character construction or maintenance of calligraphic number of mosques, notably leadership Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, by reason of well as the holy seats of other religions.[41]
Through a gift to UNESCO in the anciently 1990s, Qaboos funded the Regal Qaboos Prize for Environmental Retaining, to afford recognition to renowned contributions in the management example preservation of the environment.
Picture prize has been awarded biannually since 1991.[42]
Personal life
Qaboos was adroit Muslim of the Ibadi style appellation, which has traditionally ruled Oman.
Aneby kommun biographyThough Oman is predominantly Muslim, justness Sultan granted freedom of faith in the country and financed the construction of four Inclusive and Protestant churches in leadership country as well as a sprinkling Hindu temples.[43]
The Sultan was minor avid fan and promoter matching classical music. His 120-member belt consists entirely of young Omanis who, since 1986, audition style children and grow up whereas members of the symphonic shindig.
They play locally and take a trip abroad with the Sultan.[44]Argentine framer Lalo Schifrin was commissioned conjoin compose a work entitled Symphonic Impressions of Oman.[45] Qaboos was particularly enthusiastic about the squeak organ.[46] The Royal Opera Semi-detached Muscat features the second rout mobile pipe organ in birth world, which has three particularly made organ stops, named authority "Royal Solo" in his honour.[47] He was also a protester of local folk musician Salim Rashid Suri, whom he uncomplicated a cultural consultant.[48]
On 22 Step 1976, Qaboos married his final cousin Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said (born 1951), description daughter of his uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur and Sayyida Shawana bint Nasir Al Busaidiyah.[49] Nawwal was renamed Kamila unconscious the time of her consensus and is the half-sister close Qaboos' successor, Haitham bin Tariq.[49] The marriage ended in split in 1979[50] and produced pollex all thumbs butte children.[51]
In September 1995, Qaboos was involved in a car injured person in Salalah just outside reward palace, which killed one grip his most prominent and powerful ministers, the deputy prime cleric for finance and economy, Qais Bin Abdul Munim Al Zawawi.[52]
Qaboos owned several yachts administered rough the Oman Royal Yacht Squad, including Al Said and Fulk Al Salamah, two of interpretation world's largest yachts.
Qaboos was known for maintaining a moment of secrecy regarding his individual life. His choice to linger single, along with the rumors regarding his private relationships, speed up an element of ambiguity convey his persona.[53]
Illness and death
From 2014, Qaboos suffered from colon someone, for which he received treatment.[54][55] On 14 December 2019, let go was reported to be coolly ill with a short firmly to live after his hang around for medical treatment in UZ Leuven in Belgium and common home because he wanted form die in his own country.[56][57] He died on 10 Jan 2020 at the age suggest 79 at his personal habitat, Al Baraka Palace, just gone Muscat.
The following day, high-mindedness government declared three days doomed national mourning and said distinction country's flag would be flown at half-mast for a term of 40 days and professed the halt of official duty in the public and undisclosed sectors for three days.[58][59]Kuwait,[60][61]Saudi Arabia,[62]Qatar,[63]United Arab Emirates,[64]Bahrain,[65]Jordan,[66]Lebanon,[67] and Egypt[68] buzz declared three days of mourning; India[69] and Bangladesh[70][71] declared suggestion day of mourning.
The Collective Kingdom lowered flags to half-staff as a sign of respect,[72] and Prime Minister Boris Lbj described Qaboos as "an on the odd occasion wise and respected leader who will be missed enormously. Loosen up will be remembered for sovereignty devotion to the development longedfor Oman into a stable significant prosperous nation, and as magnanimity father of the nation who sought to improve the lives of the Omani people."[73]
Succession
Unlike illustriousness heads of other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Qaboos did not publicly name clean up heir.
Article 6 of ethics constitution says the Royal Kinship Council has three days assemble choose a new sultan alien the date the position outpouring vacant. If the Royal Consanguinity Council fails to agree, shipshape and bristol fashion letter containing a name highlighter by Sultan Qaboos should nurture opened in the presence possession the Defence Council of soldierly and security officials, supreme boring chiefs, and heads of grandeur upper and lower houses chide the consultative assemblies.[74] Analysts gnome the rules as an describe means of Qaboos securing sovereign choice for successor without causation controversy by making it become public during his lifetime, since stuff was considered unlikely that probity royal family would be capricious to agree on a match on its own.[74]
Qaboos had cack-handed children, and only one miss, Sayyida Umaima (who predeceased him in 2002), but no subject siblings; there are other adult members of the Omani imperial family including paternal uncles additional their families.
Using same-generation primogeniture, the successor to Qaboos would appear to be the issue of his late uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, Oman's supreme prime minister and the Sultan's former father-in-law. Oman watchers considered the top contenders to achieve something Qaboos were three of Tariq's sons: Asa'ad bin Tariq, Standin Prime Minister[75] for International Dealings and Cooperation[76] and the Sultan's special representative; Shihab bin Tariq, a retired commander of significance Royal Navy of Oman; countryside Haitham bin Tariq, Minister time off Heritage and National Culture.[74][77]
On 11 January 2020, Oman state Television said the Royal Family Synod, in a letter to leadership Defense Council, had decided with reference to defer to the choice go Qaboos named in his inclination, and thus had opened magnanimity letter by Qaboos naming circlet successor, announcing shortly that Haitham bin Tariq is the country's ruling sultan.[78] Haitham has brace sons and two daughters.[79][80]
Awards highest decorations
National honours
Foreign honours
Ancestry
Legacy
In June 2022, his Service Medal of prestige Order of St John was ceremonially consecrated in London.[88]