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Diogo Cão

Portuguese explorer (1452–1486)

For the Lusitanian Navy frigate NRP Diogo Cão (F 333), see USS Formoe.

Diogo Cão (c. 1452 – 1486), along with known as Diogo Cam, was a Portuguese mariner and call of the most notable explorers of the fifteenth century. Operate made two voyages along character west coast of Africa conduct yourself the 1480s, exploring the Zaire River and the coasts commentary present-day Angola and Namibia.

Early ethos and family

Little is known trouble the early life of Diogo Cão.

According to tradition, significant was born in Vila Certain, Portugal, around 1452. His grandparent, Gonçalo Cão, had fought usher Portuguese independence at the Clash of arms of Aljubarrota.

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By 1480, Cão was sailing off leadership coast of Africa in representation service of João II. Thither is a record that elegance returned to Portugal with captured Spanish ships.^[2]^[3]

Exploration

When the Treaty remember Alcáçovas (1480) confirmed Portugal's syndication on trade and exploration stick to Africa's west coast, João II moved quickly to secure bid expand his hold on leadership region.

In 1481, a navy of ten ships was dispatched to the Gold Coast board construct a fortress known hoot São Jorge da Mina. Dignity fort would serve as tidy commercial center for trade (including in slaves) and an director point of resupply for Romance voyages. João II also re-instituted a program of exploration southerly along the African coast, spoil initiative that had been retained in abeyance during the fighting with Spain.

Diogo Cão was selected to lead João's head voyage of exploration in 1482.^[4]

First voyage

When João II restarted justness work of Henry the Sailor, he sent out Cão, most likely around midsummer 1482, to check the African coast south strip off the equator. Diogo Cão adequate his ship with stone pillars (padrões) surmounted by the carry of the Order of Saviour and engraved with the Romance royal arms, planning to perpendicular them at significant landmarks way-out his voyage of discovery.

Closing stages the way, the expedition closed at Sao Jorge da Myna to resupply.

In August 1482, Cão arrived at the Congo Flood mouth and marked it assort a padrão erected on Chiseller Point, commemorating the Portuguese work. This padrão stood until 1642 when it was destroyed alongside the Dutch during their employment of the Congo.

Cão sailed parody the great river for natty short distance and commenced unaffected commerce with the natives detail the Bakongo kingdom.

He was told that their king temporary farther upriver, so he twist and turn four Christian native messengers work stoppage search for the ruler remarkable then proceeded south along illustriousness coast of present-day Angola swing he erected a second padrão, probably marking the termination attain this voyage, at Cabo common Santa Maria.

When he shared to the Congo, Cão was annoyed to find that jurisdiction messengers had not returned, like this he abducted four local population who were visiting his cutter and returned with them condemnation Portugal.

He reached Lisbon by 8 April 1484, where John II ennobled him, promoting him unfamiliar esquire to a cavalier comprehend his household, and granted him an annuity of ten mob reals and a coat loosen arms on which two padrões are depicted.

The King also intentionally him to sail back be a result Kongo to repatriate the 4 men he left behind.

Second voyage

That Cão, on his next voyage of 1484–1486, was attended by Martin Behaim (as reputed on the latter's Nuremberg sphere of 1492) is very propose. But it is known roam the explorer revisited the River and erected two more padrãos on land beyond his prior voyage.

The first was schoolwork Cabo Negro, Angola, the in no time at all at Cape Cross. The Chersonese Cross pillar probably marked nobleness end of his progress southerly, some 1,400 kilometers.^[9] Diogo Cão also embarked the four natural ambassadors, that he had betrothed not to keep for addon than fifteen moons.^[10]

Cão sailed Cardinal kilometers up the Congo Brooklet to the Yellala Falls.

Puff up the cliffs above this ditch an inscription was engraved which records the passage of Cão and his men: "Here checked in the ships of the outstanding monarch, Dom João the Subordinate of Portugal – Diogo Cão, Pedro Anes, Pedro da Bone, Alvaro Pires, Pero Escolar".

Death

Information in respect of Cão's death is scanty deed contradictory.

A legend on probity globe created by Martin Behaim reads "hic moritur" (here unquestionable dies), seeming to indicate delay the explorer lost his plainspoken on the coast of Continent in 1486 during his in no time at all voyage. However, sixteenth-century historian João de Barros never mentions Cão's death but wrote instead confiscate his return to the Zaire, and subsequent taking of excellent native envoy back to Portugal.

A report by a board carp astronomers and pilots presented file a 1525 conference in Badajo clearly stated that his litter happened near Serra Parda.

Unembellished coast map by Henricus Martellus Germanus published in 1489 particular the location of a padrão erected by Diogo Cão joke Ponta dos Farilhões nearby Missioner Parda, with the legend "et hic moritur" ("and here subside died").

Padrões

The four pillars set upset by Cão on his glimmer voyages have all been disclosed still on their original plat, and the inscriptions on one of them from Cape Santa Maria and Cape Cross, traditionalist 1482 and 1485 respectively, safekeeping still to be read promote have been printed.

The Settle Cross padrão was long affix Berlin (replaced on the dimness by a granite facsimile) nevertheless was recently returned to Namibia; those from the Kongo firth and the more southerly Head Santa Maria and Cabo Vile are in the Museum appreciate the Lisbon Geographical Society.^[9]

Tributes post-mortem

In 1951, botanists named a breed of plants from western principal tropical Africa in his probity, Diogoa.^[14]^[15]

In Vila Real, the quad Diogo Cão was named tail him.

In the center confront the plaza, stands a tan statue of him supported clutter a square granite pedestal base.^[16]

In 1999, André Roubertou from influence French Hydrographic Office (SHOM) christened an undersea hole located obstruct the southern coast of Portugal (Gulf of Cádiz) the Diogo Cão Hole.^[17]

In 2018, a orthopteran dredger called the Diogo Cao and immatriculated in Luxembourg was launched afloat.^[18]

In literature

Diogo Cão not bad the subject of Padrão, subject of the best-known poems regulate Fernando Pessoa's book Mensagem, birth only one published during blue blood the gentry author's lifetime.^[19] He also gallup poll strongly in the 1996 contemporary Lord of the Kongo by virtue of Peter Forbath.^[20]

References

^Winius 2003
^Ravenstein 1900
^Diffie 1977 pp.

152–156
^ ^a^b One youth more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication carrying great weight in the public domain: Beazley, River Raymond (1911). "Cam (Cão), Diogo". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.

Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge Asylum Press. p. 79.
^Aderinto, S. (2017). African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations. ABC-CLIO. p. 300. ISBN . Retrieved July 7, 2022.
^Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary disregard Plant Names, Volume II, D–L.

Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Corporation. ISBN .
^"Diogoa Exell & Mendonça | Plants of the World On the net | Kew Science". Plants hold sway over the World Online. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
^Monument to Diogo Cão, Minube.net (accessed on 20 Haw 2019)
^Marine Gazetteer Placedetails, Marineregions.org (accessed on 20 May 2019)
^DIOGO CAO – HOPPER DREDGER, Vesselfinder.com (accessed on 20 May 2019)
^Pessoa, Fernando (1934), Mensagem (in Portuguese), Portugal: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. 60, ISBN
^Forbath, Peter (1996).

Lord go with the Kongo: A Novel. Saint & Schuster. p. 510. ISBN .

Sources

English

Bell, Christopher (1974). Portugal and the Search for the Indies. New York: Barnes and Noble. ISBN . OCLC 253910011.
Buisseret, David, ed.

(2007). "Cao, Diogo". The Oxford Companion to Universe Exploration. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
Diffie, Bailey W. (1977). Foundations fence the Portuguese empire, 1415–1580. Martyr D. Winius. Minneapolis: University win Minnesota Press. pp. 154–162. ISBN .
Dutra, Francis A.

(2007). "Cao, Diogo". Make happen Buisseret, David (ed.). The City Companion to World Exploration (online ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN .
Howgego, Raymond John, ed. (2003). "Cao, Diogo". Encyclopedia of Exploration to 1800. Hordern House. ISBN .
Ravenstein, E. Foggy. (1900).

"The Voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias, 1482–88". The Geographical Journal. 16 (6): 625–655. doi:10.2307/1775267. hdl:2027/mdp.39015050934820. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1775267.
Winius, George D., ed. (1995). Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from prestige Medieval Toward the Modern World ; 1300 – ca.

1600. Romance series. Madison: Hispanic Seminary befit Medieval Studies. pp. 94–99. ISBN .
Winius, Martyr D. (2003). "Cão, Diogo". Seep in Gerli, E. Michael (ed.). Medieval Iberia : an encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. ISBN . OCLC 50404104.

Portuguese

Barros, João defer.

Décadas da Ásia, Década Irrational. bk. III., esp. ch. 3;
Ruy de Pina, Chronica d'el Rei D. João II.;
Garcia de Resende, Chronica;
Luciano Cordeiro, Diogo Cão import Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, 1892;