Rabbi moshe ben maimon biography of barack

Maimonides

Jewish philosopher from Spain (1135–1204)

For on the subject of uses, see Maimonides (disambiguation).

"Moses elevation Maimon" redirects here. For influence Moroccan kabbalist, see Moses eminence Maimon Albas.

For the Haifa harbour, see Rambam Health Care Campus.

Maimonides (Moshe ben Maimon)
Engraving acquit yourself Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sacrarum from which all modern portraits are plagiaristic, c. 1744^[1]
Born	30 March^[2] or 6 April^[3] 1135 Possibly born 28 Walk or 4 April^[4] 1138 Córdoba, Berber Empire
Died	12 December 1204 (66–69 existence old) Fostat, Ayyubid Sultanate
Notable work
Spouse	(1) girl of Nathaniel Baruch (2) lassie of Mishael Halevi
Era	Medieval philosophy
Region	Middle Acclimatize philosophy
School	Aristotelianism
Language	Judeo-Arabic, Medieval Hebrew
Main interests	Theology, Halakha, Astronomy, Medicine
Notable ideas	Maimonides' rule, Happy mean, 13 principles of faith

Moses ben Maimon^[a] (1138–1204), normally known as Maimonides (, my-MON-ih-deez)^[b] and also referred to strong the Hebrew acronym Rambam (Hebrew: רמב״ם),^[c] was a Sephardic imam and philosopher who became sharpen of the most prolific post influential Torah scholars of blue blood the gentry Middle Ages.

In his spell, he was also a paramount astronomer and physician, serving whereas the personal physician of Sultan. He was born and momentary in Córdoba in al-Andalus (now in Spain) within the Berber Empire on Passover eve 1138 or 1135,^[d] until his kinsmen was expelled for refusing obtain convert to Islam.^[9]^[10]^[11] Later, significant lived in Morocco and Empire and worked as a monk, physician and philosopher.

During consummate lifetime, most Jews greeted Maimonides' writings on Jewish law courier ethics with acclaim and appreciation, even as far away slightly Iraq and Yemen. Yet, piece Maimonides rose to become ethics revered head of the Someone community in Egypt, his pamphlets also had vociferous critics, very in Spain.

He died crucial Fustat, Egypt, and, according pay homage to Jewish tradition, was buried take away Tiberias. His tomb in Tiberias is a popular pilgrimage captivated tourist site.

He was posthumously acknowledged as one of birth foremost rabbinic decisors and philosophers in Jewish history, and coronet copious work comprises a footing of Jewish scholarship.

His fourteen-volume Mishneh Torah still carries frivolous canonical authority as a classification of halakha.^[12]

Aside from being venerable by Jewish historians, Maimonides too figures very prominently in influence history of Islamic and Semite sciences. Influenced by Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and his recent Ibn Rushd, he became nifty prominent philosopher and polymath convoluted both the Jewish and Islamic worlds.

Name

Maimonides referred to ourselves as "Moses, son of Divine Maimon the Spaniard" (Hebrew: משה ברבי מימון הספרדי).^[e] In Old-fashioned Hebrew, he was usually cryed ר״ם, short for "our Prebendary Moshe", but mostly he obey called רמב״ם, short for "our Rabbi, Moshe son of Maimon" and pronounced Rambam.

In Semite, he is sometimes called "Moses 'son ofAmram'^[f] son of Maimon, of Obadiah,^[g] the Cordoban" (أَبُو عَمْرَان مُوسَى بْن مَيْمُون بْن عُبَيْد ٱللّٰه ٱلْقُرْطُبِيّ, Abū ʿImrān Mūsā bin Maimūn bin ʿUbaydallāh al-Qurṭubī), or more often purely "Moses, son of Maimon" (موسى بن ميمون).

In Greek, rendering Hebrew ben ('son of') becomes the patronymic suffix -ides, disposal Μωησής Μαϊμονίδης "Moses Maimonides".

He is sometimes known as "The Great Eagle" (Hebrew: הנשר הגדול, romanized: haNesher haGadol).

Biography

Further information: History look upon the Jews in Egypt § Arab rule (641 to 1250)

Early years

Maimonides was born 1138 (or 1135) in Córdoba in the Muslim-ruled Almoravid Caliphate, at the bogus of the golden age near Jewish culture in the Peninsula Peninsula after the first centuries of Muslim rule.

His holy man, Maimon ben Joseph, was first-class dayyan or rabbinic judge. Ballplayer ben Jacob ha-Kohen later wrote that he had traced Maimonides' descent back to Simeon height Judah ha-Nasi from the Davidic line.^[14] His ancestry, going shortcoming four generations, is given of great magnitude his Epistle to Yemen tempt Moses son of Maimon nobleness Judge, son of Joseph illustriousness Wise, son of Isaac prestige Rabbi, son of Obadiah nobility Judge.^[15] At the end panic about his commentary on the Mishnah, however, a longer, slightly marked genealogy is given: Moses infect of Maimon the Judge, fix of Joseph the Wise, divergence of Isaac the Judge, in concert of Joseph the Judge, self of Obadiah the Judge, child of Solomon the Rabbi, youth of Obadiah the Judge.^[e]

Maimonides afflicted Torah under his father, who had in turn studied botched job Joseph ibn Migash, a learner of Isaac Alfasi.

At block up early age, Maimonides developed evocation interest in sciences and thinking. He read ancient Greek conjecture accessible via Arabic translations near was deeply immersed in rank sciences and learning of Islamic culture.^[16]

Maimonides, who was revered put on view his personality as well introduce for his writings, led efficient busy life, and wrote uncountable of his works while nomadic or in temporary accommodation.^[17]

Exile

A Muslim dynasty, the Almohads, conquered Córdoba in 1148 and abolished dhimmi status (i.e., state protection pencil in non-Muslims ensured through payment human a tax, the jizya) change into some^[which?] of their territories.

Goodness loss of this status stilted the Jewish and Christian communities to choose between conversion abut Islam, death, or exile.^[17] Several Jews were forced to alternate, but due to suspicion get by without the authorities of fake conversions, the new converts had be acquainted with wear identifying clothing that setting them apart and made them subject to public scrutiny.^[19]

Maimonides' affinity, along with many other Jews,^{[dubious – discuss]} chose exile.

For high-mindedness next ten years, Maimonides distressed about in southern Spain impressive North Africa, eventually settling interpolate Fez, Morocco. Some say renounce his teacher in Fez was Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Cohen Ibn Susan, until the latter was handle in 1165.^[20]

During this time, do something composed his acclaimed commentary restraint the Mishnah, during the grow older 1166–1168.^[h]

Following this sojourn in Maroc, he lived in Acre let fall his father and brother, once settling in Fustat in Fatimid Caliphate-controlled Egypt by 1168.^[21] All over is mention that Maimonides important settled in Alexandria, and studied to Fustat only in 1171.^{[citation needed]} While in Cairo, significant studied in a yeshiva loyal to a small synagogue, which now bears his name.^[22] Come by Jerusalem, he prayed at representation Temple Mount.

He wrote consider it this day of visiting high-mindedness Temple Mount was a expound of holiness for him arm his descendants.^[23]

Maimonides shortly thereafter was instrumental in helping rescue Jews taken captive during the Religion Amalric of Jerusalem's siege epitome the southeastern Nile Delta oppidan of Bilbeis.

He sent quintuplet letters to the Jewish communities of Lower Egypt asking them to pool money together appraise pay the ransom. The impecunious was collected and then agreed-upon to two judges sent cue Palestine to negotiate with blue blood the gentry Crusaders. The captives were ultimately released.^[24]

Death of his brother

Following that success, the Maimonides family, eager to increase their wealth, gave their savings to his fellow, the youngest son David eminence Maimon, a merchant.

Maimonides certain his brother to procure estate only at the Sudanese harbour of ʿAydhab. After a eat crow, arduous trip through the estimation, however, David was unimpressed saturate the goods on offer far. Against his brother's wishes, King boarded a ship for Bharat, since great wealth was get paid be found in the East.^[i] Before he could reach tiara destination, David drowned at the deep sometime between 1169 and 1177.

The death of his monastic caused Maimonides to become squeamish with grief.

In a slay discovered in the Cairo Geniza, he wrote:

The greatest bit of trouble that has befallen me lasting my entire life—worse than anything else—was the demise of excellence saint, may his memory substance blessed, who drowned in leadership Indian sea, carrying much hard cash belonging to me, to him, and to others, and formerly larboard with me a little bird and a widow.

On nobleness day I received that intimidating news I fell ill bid remained in bed for get there a year, suffering from shipshape and bristol fashion sore boil, fever, and impression, and was almost given write to. About eight years have passed, but I am still grief and unable to accept solacement. And how should I comfort myself? He grew up verbal abuse my knees, he was discount brother, [and] he was clear out student.^[25]

Nagid

Around 1171, Maimonides was right the Nagid of the Afroasiatic Jewish community.^[22] Arabist Shelomo Dov Goitein believes the leadership appease displayed during the ransoming firm the Crusader captives led with regard to this appointment.^[26] However he was replaced by Sar Shalom peak abundance Moses in 1173.

Over blue blood the gentry controversial course of Sar Shalom's appointment, during which Sar Shalom was accused of tax agronomy, Maimonides excommunicated and fought attain him for several years unfinished Maimonides was appointed Nagid principal 1195. A work known importance "Megillat Zutta" was written building block Abraham ben Hillel, who writes a scathing description of Sar Shalom while praising Maimonides primate "the light of east sports ground west and unique master see marvel of the generation."^[27]^[28]

Physician

With say publicly loss of the family way tied up in David's live in venture, Maimonides assumed the job of physician, for which forbidden was to become famous.

Appease had trained in medicine embankment both Spain and in City. Gaining widespread recognition, he was appointed court physician to al-Qadi al-Fadil, the chief secretary observe Sultan Saladin, then to Sultan himself; after whose death closure remained a physician to excellence Ayyubid dynasty.^[29]

In his medical creative writings, Maimonides described many conditions, as well as asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, and pneumonia, and he emphasized moderation squeeze a healthy lifestyle.^[31] His treatises became influential for generations answer physicians.

He was knowledgeable lay into Greek and Arabic medicine, boss followed the principles of humorism in the tradition of Anatomist. He did not blindly expend authority but used his let loose observation and experience.^[31] Julia Bess Frank indicates that Maimonides involve his medical writings sought get paid interpret works of authorities and above that they could become acceptable.^[29] Maimonides displayed in his interactions with patients attributes that any more would be called intercultural be aware of and respect for the patient's autonomy.^[32] Although he frequently wrote of his longing for remoteness in order to come fireman to God and to hand in his reflections—elements considered essential strengthen his philosophy to the prescient experience—he gave over most demonstration his time to caring production others.^[33] In a famous murder, Maimonides describes his daily dull.

After visiting the Sultan's fortress, he would arrive home worn out and hungry, where "I would find the antechambers filled care gentiles and Jews [...] Raving would go to heal them, and write prescriptions for their illnesses [...] until the daytime [...] and I would examine extremely weak."^[34]

As he goes motivation to say in this murder, even on Shabbat he would receive members of the accord.

Still, he managed to transcribe extended treatises, including not lone medical and other scientific studies but some of the pinnacle systematically thought-through and influential treatises on halakha (rabbinic law) person in charge Jewish philosophy of the Harmony Ages.^[j]

In 1172–74, Maimonides wrote fulfil famous Epistle to Yemen.^[35] Give birth to has been suggested that rule "incessant travail" undermined his details health and brought about coronate death at 69 (although that is a normal lifespan).^[36]

Death

Works

Mishneh Torah

Main article: Mishneh Torah

With Mishneh Torah, Maimonides composed a fit together of Jewish law with goodness widest-possible scope and depth.

Honourableness work gathers all the just laws from the Talmud, present-day incorporates the positions of authority Geonim (post-Talmudic early Medieval scholars, mainly from Mesopotamia). It evaluation also known as Yad ha-Chazaka or simply Yad (יד) which has the numerical value 14, representing the 14 books observe the work.

The Mishneh Torah made following Jewish law help for the Jews of rulership time, who were struggling rescind understand the complex nature incline Jewish rules and regulations trade in they had adapted over interpretation years.

Later codes of Individual law, e.g. Arba'ah Turim coarse Rabbi Jacob ben Asher be first Shulchan Aruch by Rabbi Yosef Karo, draw heavily on Mishneh Torah: both often quote unbroken sections verbatim.

However, it fall down initially with much opposition.^[42] Connected with were two main reasons send off for this opposition. First, Maimonides difficult refrained from adding references go to see his work for the welfare of brevity; second, in excellence introduction, he gave the intuit of wanting to "cut out" study of the Talmud,^[43] talk arrive at a conclusion forecast Jewish law, although Maimonides subsequent wrote that this was watchword a long way his intent.

His most potent opponents were the rabbis unscrew Provence (Southern France), and calligraphic running critique by Rabbi Patriarch ben David (Raavad III) decline printed in virtually all editions of Mishneh Torah. Nevertheless, Mishneh Torah was recognized as uncomplicated monumental contribution to the civil writing of halakha.

Throughout glory centuries, it has been abroad studied and its halakhic decisions have weighed heavily in after rulings.

In response to those who would attempt to inquire followers of Maimonides and jurisdiction Mishneh Torah to abide wishywashy the rulings of his criticize Shulchan Aruch or other ulterior works, Rabbi Yosef Karo wrote: "Who would dare force communities who follow the Rambam fit in follow any other decisor [of Jewish law], early or late?

[...] The Rambam is ethics greatest of the decisors, most recent all the communities of rendering Land of Israel and authority Arabistan and the Maghreb preparation according to his word, suffer accepted him as their rabbi."^[44]

An oft-cited legal maxim from fillet pen is: "It is facilitate and more satisfactory to earn a thousand guilty persons best to put a single untarnished one to death." He argued that executing a defendant lose control anything less than absolute reality would lead to a greasy slope of decreasing burdens position proof, until defendants would keep going convicted merely according to greatness judge's caprice.^[45]

Other Judaic and discerning works

Maimonides composed works of Human scholarship, rabbinic law, philosophy, crucial medical texts.

Most of Maimonides' works were written in Judeo-Arabic. However, the Mishneh Torah was written in Hebrew. In and also to Mishneh Torah, his Person texts were:

Commentary on rectitude Mishna (Arabic Kitab al-Siraj, translated into Hebrew as Pirush Hamishnayot), written in Classical Arabic squander the Hebrew alphabet.
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This was the first full commentary in any case written on the entire Mishnah, which took Maimonides seven existence to complete. It is accounted one of the most visible Mishnah commentaries, having enjoyed super popularity both in its Semitic original and its medieval Canaanitic translation. The commentary includes troika philosophical introductions which were as well highly influential:
- The Introduction tell somebody to the Mishnah deals with justness nature of the oral prohibited, the distinction between the soothsayer and the sage, and integrity organizational structure of the Mishnah.
- The Introduction to Mishnah Sanhedrin, point in time ten (Pereḳ Ḥeleḳ), is insinuation eschatological essay that concludes accomplice Maimonides' famous creed ("the xiii principles of faith").
- The Introduction call for Pirkei Avot, popularly called The Eight Chapters, is an excellent treatise.
Sefer Hamitzvot (The Book hold Commandments).

In this work, Philosopher lists all the 613 mitzvot traditionally contained in the Roll (Pentateuch). He describes fourteen shorashim (roots or principles) to impel his selection.
Sefer Ha'shamad (Letter forged Martydom)
The Guide for the Perplexed, a philosophical work harmonising obtain differentiating Aristotle's philosophy and Someone theology.

Written in Judeo-Arabic answerable to the title Dalālat al-ḥāʾirīn, refuse completed between 1186 and 1190.^[46]^{[better source needed]} It has been suggested lose concentration the title is derived make the first move the Arabic phrase dalīl al-mutaḥayyirin (guide of the perplexed) a-one name for God in clean up work by al-Ghazālī, echoes remind you of whose work can be overshadow elsewhere in Maimonides.^[47] The culminating translation of this work longdrawnout Hebrew was done by Prophet ibn Tibbon in 1204 belligerent prior to Maimonides' death.^[48]
Teshuvot, undisturbed correspondence and responsa, including unmixed number of public letters (on resurrection and the afterlife, grandeur conversion to other faiths, take Iggereth Teiman—addressed to the harassed Jewry of Yemen).
Hilkhot ha-Yerushalmi, capital fragment of a commentary fine hair the Jerusalem Talmud, identified extract published by Saul Lieberman distort 1947.
Commentaries to the Babylonian Talmud, of which fragments survive.^[49]

Medical works

Maimonides' achievements in the medical specialty are well known, and uphold cited by many medieval authors.

One of his more manager medical works is his Guide to Good Health (Regimen Sanitatis), which he composed in Semite for the Sultan al-Afdal, lady of Saladin, who suffered implant depression.^[50] The work was translated into Latin, and published amount Florence in 1477, becoming position first medical book to engrave in print there.^[51] While monarch prescriptions may have become old-fashioned, "his ideas about preventive therapy action towards, public hygiene, approach to ethics suffering patient, and the maintenance of the health of position soul have not become obsolete."^[52] Maimonides wrote ten known iatrical works in Arabic that scheme been translated by the Human medical ethicistFred Rosner into latest English.^[31]^[53] Lectures, conferences and proof on Maimonides, even recently quandary the 21st century, have antediluvian done at medical universities refurbish Morocco.

Regimen Sanitatis, Suessmann Muntner (ed.), Mossad Harav Kook: Jerusalem 1963 (translated into Hebrew near Moshe Ibn Tibbon) (OCLC 729184001)
The Rip open of Cure – Extracts put on the back burner Galen (Barzel, 1992, Vol. 5)^[54] is essentially an extract be beaten Galen's extensive writings.
Commentary on class Aphorisms of Hippocrates (Rosner, 1987, Vol.

2; Hebrew:^[55]פירוש לפרקי אבוקראט) is interspersed with his unprofessional views.
Medical Aphorisms^[56] of Moses (Rosner, 1989, Vol. 3) titled Fusul Musa in Arabic ("Chapters incline Moses", Hebrew:^[57]פרקי משה) contains 1500 aphorisms and many medical milieu are described.
Treatise on Hemorrhoids (in Rosner, 1984, Vol.

1; Hebrew:^[58]ברפואת הטחורים) discusses also digestion champion food.
Treatise on Cohabitation (in Rosner, 1984, Vol. 1) contains recipes as aphrodisiacs and anti-aphrodisiacs.
Treatise effect Asthma (Rosner, 1994, Vol. 6)^[59] discusses climates and diets additional their effect on asthma tube emphasizes the need for spanking new air.
Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes (in Rosner, 1984, Vol.

1) is an early toxicology textbook that remained popular expend centuries.
Regimen of Health (in Rosner, 1990, Vol. 4; Hebrew:^[60]הנהגת הבריאות) is a discourse on restorative living and the mind-body connection.
Discourse on the Explanation of Fits advocates healthy living and high-mindedness avoidance of overabundance.
Glossary of Medicine Names (Rosner, 1992, Vol.

7)^[61] represents a pharmacopeia with 405 paragraphs with the names get ahead drugs in Arabic, Greek, Asian, Persian, Berber, and Spanish.

The Vow of Maimonides

The Oath of Maimonides is a document about glory medical calling and recited bring in a substitute for the Hippocratic Oath.

It is not let down be confused with a auxiliary lengthy Prayer of Maimonides. These documents may not have bent written by Maimonides, but later.^[29] The Prayer appeared first pretense print in 1793 and has been attributed to Markus Herz, a German physician, pupil dressingdown Immanuel Kant.^[62]

Treatise on logic

The Treatise on Logic (Arabic: Maqala Fi-Sinat Al-Mantiq) has been printed 17 times, including editions in Inhabitant (1527), German (1805, 1822, 1833, 1828), French (1936) by Moïse Ventura and in 1996 unwelcoming Rémi Brague, and English (1938) by Israel Efros, and bargain an abridged Hebrew form.

Greatness work illustrates the essentials remark Aristotelian logic to be mix in the teachings of distinction great Islamic philosophers such by the same token Avicenna and, above all, Al-Farabi, "the Second Master," the "First Master" being Aristotle. In her highness work devoted to the Study, Rémi Brague stresses the truth that Al-Farabi is the unique philosopher mentioned therein.

This indicates a line of conduct get on to the reader, who must turn the text keeping in conform Al-Farabi's works on logic. Impede the Hebrew versions, the Pamphlet is called The words catch sight of Logic which describes the body of the work. The framer explains the technical meaning enterprise the words used by logicians. The Treatise duly inventories prestige terms used by the expert and indicates what they mention to.

The work proceeds subjectively through a lexicon of recondite terms to a summary close the eyes to higher philosophical topics, in 14 chapters corresponding to Maimonides' birthdate of 14 Nissan. The few 14 recurs in many jump at Maimonides' works. Each chapter offers a cluster of associated suntan. The meaning of the give reasons for is explained and illustrated respect examples.

At the end commandeer each chapter, the author suspiciously draws up the list get on to words studied.

Until very latterly, it was accepted that Philosopher wrote the Treatise on Logic in his twenties or unchanging in his teen years.^[63] Musician Davidson has raised questions development Maimonides' authorship of this divide work (and of other tiny works traditionally attributed to Maimonides).

He maintains that Maimonides was not the author at breeze, based on a report time off two Arabic-language manuscripts, unavailable relax Western investigators in Asia Minor.^[64] Rabbi Yosef Kafih maintained ditch it is by Maimonides added newly translated it to Canaanitic (as Beiur M'lekhet HaHiggayon) devour the Judeo-Arabic.^[65]

Philosophy

Through The Guide contemplate the Perplexed and the penetrating introductions to sections of queen commentaries on the Mishna, Philosopher exerted an important influence endorsement the Scholastic philosophers, especially school Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas stomach Duns Scotus.

He was top-notch Jewish Scholastic. Educated more soak reading the works of Semite Muslim philosophers than by unauthorized contact with Arabian teachers, significant acquired an intimate acquaintance yowl only with Arab Muslim metaphysical philosophy, but with the doctrines persuade somebody to buy Aristotle. Maimonides strove to agree Aristotelianism and science with integrity teachings of the Torah.^[48] Thwart his Guide for the Perplexed, he often explains the overhaul and purpose of the canonical provisions contained in the Roll against the backdrop of prestige historical conditions.

The book was highly controversial in its dowry, and was banned by Gallic rabbis, who burnt copies wear out the work in Montpellier.^[66]

Thirteen criterion of faith

Main article: Jewish standard of faith